Life in a Medieval Village 中世纪村庄的生活 Frances and Joseph Gies 弗朗西斯和约瑟夫·吉斯 To Dorothy, Nathan, and Rosie 敬多萝西，内森和罗西 Table of Contents 目录 Cover Page Title Page Dedication PROLOGUE: ELTON 1 THE VILLAGE EMERGES 2 THE ENGLISH VILLAGE: ELTON 3 THE LORD 4 THE VILLAGERS: WHO THEY WERE 5 THE VILLAGERS: HOW THEY LIVED 5 村民:他们是如何生活的 6 MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 6 婚姻和家庭 7 THE VILLAGE AT WORK 7 工作中的村庄 8 THE PARISH 8《教区》 9 VILLAGE JUSTICE 9 村庄正义 10 THE PASSING OF THE MEDIEVAL VILLAGE 10.中世纪村庄的消失 NOTES 注释 BIBLIOGRAPHY 参考书目 GLOSSARY 词汇表 INDEX 索引 COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments Other Books By 版权鸣谢其他书籍作者: Copyright 版权所有 About the Publisher 关于出版商 PROLOGUE: ELTON I N THE DISTRICT OF HUNTINGDON THERE IS A CERtain village to which 在 HUNTINGDON 地区有一个村庄 far-distant antiquity gave the name of Aethelintone,” wrote the twelfth-century monk who chronicled the history of Ramsey Abbey, “on a most beautiful site, provided with a course of waters, in a pleasant plain of meadows with abundant grazing for cattle, and 1 rich in fertile fields.” 这位 12 世纪记录拉姆齐修道院历史的修道士写道:“远古时代给了 Aethelintone 这个名字，在一个最美丽的地方，有一条河流，在一 片宜人的草原上，有大量的牲畜在那里吃草，还有肥沃的土地。”1 The village that the Anglo-Saxons called Aethelintone (or Aethelington, or Adelintune), known in the thirteenth century, with further spelling variations, as Aylington, and today as Elton, was one of the thousands of peasant communities scattered over the face of Europe and the British Isles in the high Middle Ages, sheltering more than 90 percent of the total population, the ancestors of most Europeans and North Americans alive today. 在 13 世纪，这个被盎格鲁-撒克逊人称为 Aethelintone(或者 Aethelington，或者 Adelintune)的村庄还有更多的拼写变体，如今 的 Aylington 和 Elton，是中世纪上半叶散布在欧洲和不列颠群岛 上的数以千计的农民社区之一，这里居住着超过总人口 90%的人， 他们是当今大多数欧洲人和北美人的祖先。 Many of these peasant settlements were mere hamlets or scattered homesteads, but in certain large areas of England and Continental Europe people lived in true villages, where they practiced a distinctive system of agriculture. Because England has preserved the earliest and most complete documentation of the medieval village, in the form of surveys, accounts, and the 许多这些农民定居点仅仅是小村庄或分散的家园，但在英格兰和 欧洲大陆的某些大面积地区，人们生活在真正的村庄里，在那里他们 实行一种独特的农业制度。因为英格兰保存了最早和最完整的中世纪 村庄的文件，在形式的调查，帐户，和 * The River Nene at Elton. 埃尔顿的内内河。* rolls of manorial courts, this book will focus on an English village. 卷的庄园法院，这本书将集中在一个英国的村庄。 Medieval villages varied in population, area, configuration, and social and economic details. But Elton, a dependency of wealthy Ramsey Abbey, located in the East Midlands, in the region of England where villages abounded and the “open field” agriculture associated with them flourished, illustrates many of the characteristics common to villages at the high point of their development. 中世纪的村庄在人口、地区、形态以及社会和经济细节方面各 不相同。埃尔顿是富裕的拉姆齐修道院(RamseyAbbey)的附属地， 该修道院位于英格兰东米德兰(EastMidlands)，在那里村庄比比皆是， 与之相关的“开阔地”(openfield)农业繁荣发展。埃尔顿展示了村庄在 发展高峰时期的许多共同特征。 Elton stands today, a village of about six hundred people, in † northwest Cambridgeshire. seventy miles north of London, where it has stood for more than a thousand years. Its presentday gray stone houses cluster along two axes: one the main road from Peterborough to the old market town of Oundle; the other, at right angles to it, a street that ends in a triangular village green, beyond which stands an eighteenth-century mill on the banks of the River Nene. Smaller streets and lanes intersect these two thoroughfares. The two sections have long been known as 今天，埃尔顿站在剑桥郡西北部的一个约有 600 人的村庄里。 盐湖位于伦敦以北七十英里，在那里已经矗立了一千多年。它现在 的灰色石头房子沿着两条轴线排列:一条是从彼得伯勒到古老集镇昂 德尔的主要道路，另一条是与之垂直的街道，街道的尽头是一片三 角形的村庄绿地，远处是位于内内河岸边的一座 18 世纪的磨坊。较 小的街道和小巷交叉在这两条大道上。这两个部分长期以来被称为 Overend and Nether End. Nether End contains the green, with a Methodist chapel adjoining. Near the river here the construction of a floodbank in 1977 uncovered the foundations of the medieval manor house. Overend centers around the church, with its school and rectory nearby. At the southern limit of Overend stands the village’s tourist attraction, Elton Hall, a stately home whose gatehouse and chapel alone date as far back as the fifteenth century, the rest from much later. 欧沃森和尼瑟森。包括绿地，毗邻一个卫理公会教堂。1977 年在河 边建造的洪水堤揭开了中世纪庄园房屋的地基。欧沃恩围绕着教堂， 学校和教区牧师住宅就在附近。在 Overend 的南部边界，坐落着村里 的旅游胜地，EltonHall，一个庄严的家，其门房和教堂可以追溯到 15 世纪，其余的都是很久以后的事情了。 Two pubs, a post office/general store, and a garage comprise Elton’s business center. Buses and cars speed along the Peterborough-Oundle road. Some of the cottages, nestling in their neat gardens, are picturesquely thatched. Off beyond the streets, sheep graze in the meadows. Yet Elton, like many other English villages, is no longer a farming community. Most of its inhabitants work in nearby Peterborough, or commute to London. The family that owns Elton Hall operates an agricultural enterprise, and one independent farmer lives in the village; two have farms outside, in the parish. A few descendants of farm laborers live in subsidized housing on a Council estate. 埃尔顿的商业中心由两家酒吧、一家邮局/杂货店和一个车库组 成。公共汽车和小汽车在 Peterborough-Oundle 公路上行驶。有些 村舍依偎在整洁的花园里，顶上盖着风景如画的茅草屋顶。越过街道， 绵羊在草地上吃草。然而，像许多其他英国村庄一样，埃尔顿不再是 一个农业社区。它的大多数居民在附近的彼得伯勒工作，或者通勤到 伦敦。拥有埃尔顿庄园的家庭经营着一家农业企业，一个独立的农民 住在村子里;两个家庭在外面有农场，在教区里。一些农场工人的后 代住在社会福利住房的一个政府庄园里。