LHCb A of D meson and R-Parity Violation CP △ Xue Chang1, Ming-Kai Du1, Chun Liu1, Jia-Shu Lu1, Shuo Yang2,3 1State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2735, Beijing 100190, P.R. China 2Department of Physics, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, P.R. China 2 1 3Center for High-Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China∗ 0 2 n Abstract a J LHCb collaboration has recently announced a measurement of the difference of time-integrated 2 1 CP asymmetries between D K+K− and D π+π−. This result provides the evidence of → → ] large direct CP violation in D meson and reveals some important implications on underlying h p - new physics. It is shown that the direct CP violation in D meson can be enhanced by R-parity p e violating supersymmetry, while CP violations in K and B mesons are suppressed by this new h [ physics, which is in consistence with previous experiments. Constraints on the model parameters 1 v and some consequences are also discussed. 5 6 5 PACS numbers: 11.30.Er,13.25.Ft, 14.40.Lb, 12.60.Jv 2 . 1 0 2 1 : v i X r a ∗ Electronicaddress: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 1 I. INTRODUCTION New physics might be discovered first through direct searches at colliders, or via an indirectway, i.e.,beobservedinprecisionmeasurementsat’low’energy. Thekeymotivations ofCPviolation(CPV) measurements atLHCbarejust precisiontestsoftheStandardModel (SM) andsearching fornewphysics. TheCPVinD meson ishighlysuppressed inSM, which henceprovides abackground-freesearchfornewphysics. Furthermore, thehadronbuiltwith charm quark is the only playground of CPV in u-type quark sector because the top quark decays before it could be hadronized. Hadrons built with u or u¯, such as π0 and η, are their own antiparticles, therefore no CPV occurs in these systems. Recently, LHCb collaboration has announced a measurement of the difference between CP asymmetries in two D meson decay channels [1], Adir A (D0 K+K−) A (D0 π+π−) △ CP ≡ CP → − CP → (1) = [ 0.82 0.21(stat.) 0.11(syst)]% . − ± ± This measurement make it robust against systematics and is mainly sensitive to direct CPV. This result deviates significantly from the prediction of SM, in which it is at the order of 10−4 [2–5]. Although ATLAS and CMS have not found any evidence of new physics, this large Adir at LHCb still can provide a hint of underlying new physics. △ CP In this work, we presented a tentative interpretation of the enhancement of direct CPV in D meson with R-parity violating (RPV) supersymmetry, while leaving that of K and B mesons nearly unaffected, since the SM predictions of CPV in K and B mesons are consistent with previous experiments. In Sec. II, we gave a brief estimate of the direct CPV in SM, through which some essential RPV parameters were obtained. Then in Sec. III, we listed our conclusion and discussed some relevant implications. II. R/ -SUSY AND DIRECT CP VIOLATION IN D DECAY p Before going to R-parity violating supersymmetry, let us make a brief review of SM calculation for this CPV [2–5]. In the SM, CP violations in D0(D¯0) π+π− and D0(D¯0) → → K+K− decays are significantly suppressed by CKM parameters, loop effects, and GIM mechanism. At the quark-gluon level, the π+π− case is depicted in Fig. 1, and the K+K− case by the same diagrams with the replacement of d s. CPV in the decays is due to → 2 the interference between the tree amplitude SM (Fig.1 left) and the penguin diagram MT amplitude SM (Fig.1 right). It is defined as [6] MP Γ Γ¯ ( 2)Im(α∗SMαSM)Im( ∗SM SM) Adir − PT↔P − T P MT MP , (2) CP ≡ Γ+Γ¯ ≃ αSM 2 SM 2 | T | |MT | where SM(D0 π+π−) = αSM SM +αSM SM , M → T MT P MP αSM(D0 π+π−) = V V∗ , (3) T → ud cd αSM(D0 π+π−) = V V∗ . P → − ub cb To α order, Adir can be simplified as s CP 2Im(αSM)Im( SM) Adir (SM) − P MP . (4) CP ≃ αSM SM T MT W c d c u W g u d d¯ d¯ FIG. 1: c d¯du tree level and penguin diagrams in the SM. → The tree level diagram amplitude is SM(D0 π+π−) MT → (5) G G = i F π− d¯γµc D0 π+ u¯γµγ d 0 Fm2 f (m2)f , √2h | | ih | 5 | i ≈ −√2 D + π π where the hadronic matrix elements are parameterized as π+ u¯γµγ d 0 = if pµ , h | 5 | i π π+ π− d¯γµc D0 = f+(q2)(pD0 +pπ−)µ +f−(q2)(pD0 pπ−)µ, (6) h | | i − q pD0 pπ− . ≡ − The imaginary parts of penguin diagram arise from a cut on the internal-line particles which involves on-shell particles and thus long-distance physics, so it is difficult to estimate. Nevertheless, we can first calculate the penguin diagram by assuming that the momentum of gluon is spacelike which is calculable, then carefully analytically continue the momentum 3 to timelike to extract the imaginary part. While the result is not so accurate as in QED, it still can be considered as a reasonable estimation. The result is Im( SM(D0 π+π−)) MP → 2G = iα (µ)− F[ π+ u¯γµγ d 0 π− d¯γµc D0 +2 π+ u¯γ5γ d 0 π− d¯c D0 ] s 5 5 (7) 27 √2 −h | | ih | | i h | | ih | | i 2 G 2m2 α (µ) Fm2 f (m2)f 1+ π , ≈ s 27√2 D + π πh− (m m )(m +m )i c d u d − where µ is the typical energy scale in this transition. By substituting Eqs. (3), (5) and (7) into Eq. (4), the final expression is obtained, Adir (D0 π+π−) CP → 4 2m2 Im(V V∗) = α (µ) 1+ π ub cb s 27h− (m m )(m +m )i V V∗ c − d u d ud cd (8) 4 2m2 A2λ5η = α (µ) 1+ π s 27h− (m m )(m +m )iλ(1 λ2/2) c d u d − − 0.0086%, ≃ and Adir (D0 K+K−) CP → 4 2m2 Im(V V∗) = α (µ) 1+ π ub cb s 27h− (m m )(m +m )i V V∗ c − s u s us cs (9) 4 2m2 A2λ5η = α (µ) 1+ π s 27h− (m m )(m +m )iλ(1 λ2/2) c s u s − − 0.0087%, ≃ − where we have taken µ = m , α (µ) = α (m ) = 0.396, and λ = 0.2253, A = 0.808, c s s c η = 0.341, m = 493.677 MeV, m = 140 MeV, m (m ) = 122 MeV, m = 1290 MeV, K π s c c m (m ) = 6.1 MeV, m (m ) = 3.05 MeV [7, 8]. The U-spin relation ASM(D0 K+K−) = d c u c CP → ASM(D0 π+π−) is guaranteed by the approximated SU(3) symmetry. Finally the − CP → F difference between ASM(D0 K+K−) and ASM(D0 π+π−) is CP → CP → dir A (SM) = 0.02% . (10) △ CP − While uncertainties due to nonperturbative QCD might be considerable [8, 9], the exper- imental central value of Adir at the LHCb is still difficult to be understood within the SM. △ CP It is well known that CP violation in D meson decays is a clean way to probe new physics, which has drawn many attentions [3, 4, 6, 10–14]. In the light of recent experimental result 4 of Adir , it is expected that such kind of new physics would enhance direct CPV in charm △ CP quark decays [15–18], while leaving beauty and strange quarks nearly unaffected, it will be shown that RPV SUSY can provide such an opportunity. In SUSY, the general trilinear RPV interactions are 1 1 = ǫ ( λ LαLβEc +λ′ LαQβDc)+ λ′′ UcDcDc , (11) W6R αβ 2 ijk i j k ijk i j k 2 ijk i j k where λ = λ , λ′′ = λ′′ , and λ′ ’s are completely free parameters. Here L and ijk − jik ijk − ikj ijk Ec ( Q, Uc and Dc ) correspond respectively to the lepton doublet and anti-lepton singlet ( quark doublet and antiquark singlet ) left-handed superfields. Charm quark nonleptonic decays could be induced by λ′,λ′′ terms [6, 10], the relevant Lagrangian is 1 λ′ ˜l d¯ u λ′′ (d∗ u¯ dc +d∗ u¯ dc )+ h.c. . (12) L ⊃ ijk iL kR jL − 2 ijk kR iR jL jR iR kL e e For simplicity, baryon number conservation would be assumed, specifically only λ′ terms would be taken into account. The new charm quark decay diagrams are shown in Fig.2. It is found that the following requirements are essential to understand the LHC-b CPV anomaly: 1) Among various λ′ ’s, only two terms would be introduced, λ′ and λ′ , while λ′ ijk 112 122 112 is real and λ′ is complex. 122 2) Furthermore, the following relation is assumed, Im(λ′ λ′∗ ) λ′ Im(λ′ ) Im(V V∗) 122 112 = 112 122 40 ub cb g2 , (13) m2 m2 ≃ × m2 2 e e W e e where g is the weak interaction coupling, and the numerical factor is inferred from the 2 above SM calculation. Because of Eq.(13), there exist an interesting corollary: the new RPV tree diagrams is negligible compared to the SM tree diagram, λ′ λ′∗ Im(V V∗) RPV(D0 K+K−) 122 112 40 ub cb g2 MT → ∼ m2 ∼ × m2 2 e W (14) e V V∗g2 us cs 2 SM(D0 K+K−), ≪ m2 ∼ MT → W and λ′ λ′∗ RPV(D0 π+π−) 121 111 = 0, (15) MT → ∼ m2 e e 5 as a result, RPV contributions to the branching ratios of various D and K decays would be negligible compared to their SM decay modes. Up to now, all necessary ingredients have been prepared. The calculations are direct. First, consider the D0 π+π− transition, the total amplitude is → (D0 π+π−) = αSM SM +αRPV RPV +αSM SM +αRPV RPV , (16) M → T MT T MT P MP P MP where αRPV(D0 π+π−) = λ′ λ′∗ . (17) P → 122 112 Because of Eq. (15), the total direct CP asymmetry in D meson can be simplified as 2 Im(αSM)Im( SM)+Im(αRPV)Im( RPV) Adir (SM+RPV) − (cid:2) P MP P MP (cid:3) . (18) CP ≃ αSM SM T MT e˜ L c d c s s u e˜ g L u d d¯ d¯ FIG. 2: c d¯du tree level and penguin diagrams in RPV SUSY. → Following analogous procedures, the imaginary part of RPV penguin diagram is Im(αRPV)Im( RPV(D0 π+π−)) P MP → m2 f f 2m2 α (µ) D + π 1+ π Im(λ′ λ′∗ ) ≈ − s 108m2 h− (m m )(m +m )i 122 112 eL c − d u d (19) 2eG 2m2 = 40 α (µ) Fm2 f f 1+ π Im(V V∗) × s 27√2 D + πh− (m m )(m +m )i ub cb c d u d − = 40 Im(αSM)Im( SM(D0 π+π−)). × P MP → The total direct CP violation in D0 π+π− transition is now → Adir (D0 π+π−) 0.35%. (20) CP → ≃ Similar calculation results to total CP violation in D0 K+K− transition → Adir (D0 K+K−) 0.36%, (21) CP → ≃ − 6 Now, it is clear that our requirements indeed result in a considerable enhancement to direct CPV in D decay. In order to be consistent with current experiments on K mesons and B mesons, one have to keep new contributions to K and B sectors suppressed. The B meson decays will not be affected, because only the λ′ and λ′ have been introduced. For 122 112 K meson, the RPV interactions λ′ ν˜ d¯kdj will generate new diagrams for s duu¯ with ijk L R L → s-quarks being the internal lines. However, the direct CPV in K will not be affected, since the internal quarks can not all be on-shell and hence no imaginary part would arise through these additional diagrams, hence no extra direct CPV. In addition, strict experimental constraints in lepton flavor violation are evaded, since only the first generation of leptons and their SUSY partners are involved in new interactions. III. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we investigate supersymmetry without R-parity to interpret the recent ob- served large Adir A (D0 K+K−) A (D0 π+π−) at LHCb, which corresponds △ CP ≡ CP → − CP → to 3.5 σ significance. It is found that a significant enhancement for the CPV in D meson is feasible after introducing delicate R -violation terms λ′ and λ′ . Phenomennological p 122 112 implications are discussed below: 1) There are many constraints in RPV [19], among them the following one is of essential relevance to this work, λ′ λ′∗ < 2.11 10−5 mdekR 2 . (22) | i22 i12| × h100GeVi Combining it with the result shown in Eq. (13), we get a relation mdeR ≥ 13mee. (23) This relation constrains strongly the parameter space of R/ SUSY. After introducing the p − λ′ and λ′ , there are some exotic phenomenology [19]. At the LHC, the pair production 122 112 of the scalar-quark, i.e. process pp q˜q˜and the single production process pp q˜e followed → → by the decay of q˜ q′+e have large cross section and exotic final states. The reconstructed → invariant mass ofq˜fromonejetandtheelectron, anddelicate kinematic cutsmake thesignal distinguished from the backgrounds which mainly come from Z+jets [20]. It is expected that LHC could find the exotic signal of the q˜ or constrain further the parameter space of the model. 7 2) For singly Cabibbo suppressed decay modes, such as D+ π+ + K0, it is expected s → that the same order direct CPV will be observed. Besides the direct CP violation, there is a small enhancement in the D0 D¯0 mixing from the new physics. It is, however, negligible − compared to the SM, since the new couplings are actually CKM suppressed, as shown in Eq.(14). Analogously, the mixing in K system can also be considered as unaffected. Although it is still far from a complete theoretical description, the RPV by itself is a very naturalwaytoinducedifferentiatedCPviolations, sinceu-typequarksandd-typequarksare treated differently in RPV terms, which is essential to extend the SM, in which it is difficult to explain why D meson is more special than K and B mesons. As the experimental data is accumulating, some more fundamental mechanisms might be discovered, through which we could understand why the λ′ ’s have taken such specific structures as in Eq. (13). ijk Acknowledgments Wewould like tothank Prof. Hai-YangCheng and Hua Shao forsome helpful discussions. This work wassupported inpart bythe NationalNatural Science FoundationofChina under nos. 11075193, 10821504 and 11175251. [1] M. Charles, Talk at HCP conference, LHCb-CONF-2011-061; A.I. Go-lutvin, Talk at Nuclear Physics Section of Physics Division of RAN Session, ITEP, November 21, 2011. [2] For reviews, see I. I. Y. Bigi and A. I. 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