LEWIS’S CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY A Comprehensive Textbook FIFTH EDITION Editors Andrés Martin, MD, MPH Riva Ariella Ritvo Professor Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Michael H. Bloch, MD, MS Associate Professor Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Fred R. Volkmar, MD Irving B. Harris Professor of Child Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Psychology Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Acquisitions Editor: Chris Teja Product Development Editor: Ashley Fischer Editorial Coordinator: David Murphy Editorial Assistant: Brian Convery Marketing Manager: Rachel Mante Leung Production Project Manager: David Saltzberg Design Coordinator: Elaine Kasmer Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc. 5th edition Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer. Copyright © 2007 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a Wolters Kluwer business. Copyright © 2002 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1996 and 1991 by Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above- mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Martin, Andrés, editor. | Volkmar, Fred R., editor. | Bloch, Michael (Michael Howard), editor. Title: Lewis’s child and adolescent psychiatry : a comprehensive textbook / editors, Andrés Martin, Fred R. Volkmar, Michael Bloch. Other titles: Child and adolescent psychiatry Description: Fifth edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017025399 | ISBN 9781496396587 Subjects: | MESH: Mental Disorders | Infant | Child | Adolescent Classification: LCC RJ131 | NLM WS 350 | DDC 618.92/89–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017025399 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work. This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. LWW.com We dedicate this book To our wives: Rebecca, Angie, and Lisa; To our children: Max, Ariela, Gabriela, and Jacob Donald; Rachel, Sam, and Tom; and Lucy and Emily; To the teachers and mentors from whom we have received so much; To the patients, families, students and colleagues to whom we hope in some measure to have given back; To all those dedicated to child and adolescent mental health, working each day to make a difference. As editors we are proud to donate our royalty proceeds, in loving memory of our teacher and friend, the late Melvin Lewis, to the Break the Cycle initiative of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. The Academy continues to support efforts in education, training, and research for the next generation of practitioners, a mission that was near and dear to Mel. We ourselves have been the grateful recipients of such support, and are honored to contribute so that others may benefit like we did. CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Jean A. Adnopoz, MPH Clinical Professor Director In-Home Services Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Robert R. Althoff, MD, PhD Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families University of Vermont College of Medicine/ Fletcher Allen Health Care Burlington, Vermont Thomas F. Anders, MD Distinguished Professor Emeritus UC Davis School of Medicine Davis, California George M. Anderson, PhD Senior Research Scientist Child Study Center and the Department of Laboratory Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Adrian Angold, MRCPsych Professor Emeritus Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Eugene L. Arnold, MD, MEd Professor Emeritus Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Peter Ash, MD Professor and Director Psychiatry and Law Service Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University Atlanta, Georgia Andrea G. Asnes, MD, MSW Associate Professor of Pediatrics Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut David A. Axelson, MD Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health The Ohio State University College of Medicine Chief of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio Kathleen M.B. Balestracci, PhD, MSW Assistant Clinical Professor Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Argelinda Baroni, MD Assistant Professor The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center New York, New York Steven J. Barreto, PhD Clinical Associate Professor Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Bradley Hospital East Providence, Rhode Island Karen Bearss, PhD Assistant Professor Marcus Autism Center Department of Pediatrics Emory University Atlanta, Georgia Myron L. Belfer, MD, MPA Professor of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Senior Associate in Psychiatry Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Eugene V. Beresin, MD, MA Executive Director The Clay Center for Young Healthy Minds Senior Educator in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Professor of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Chad Beyer Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Boris Birmaher, MD Professor of Psychiatry Endowed Chair in Bipolar Disorder University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Joseph C. Blader, PhD Meadows Foundation and Semp Russ Professor of Child Psychiatry Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas Efrain Bleiberg, MD Professor Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Michael H. Bloch, MD, MS Associate Professor Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut John R. Boekamp, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Medical School of Brown University Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital East Providence, Rhode Island Jeff Q. Bostic, MD, EdD Associate Clinical Professor Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Eric N. Boyum, MD Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa David A. Brent, MD Academic Chief Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Professor of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, Pediatrics, and Clinical Translational Science Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Rachel Margaret Ann Brown, MBBS, MPhil Professor of Clinical Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, Missouri Catherine Brownstein, MPH, PhD Division of Genetics and Genomics Boston Children’s Hospital Instructor, Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Scientific Director Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research Boston, Massachusetts T. Lindsey Burrell, PhD Assistant Professor Marcus Autism Center Department of Pediatrics Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Emory University Atlanta, Georgia John V. Campo, MD Sinsabaugh Professor and Chair Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, Ohio Laurie Cardona, PsyD Assistant Professor Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Lee Combrinck-Graham, MD Medical Director LifeBridge Community Services Bridgeport, Connecticut Kathryn A. Coniglio, BA Clinical Research Coordinator Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Daniel F. Connor, MD Lockean Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Chief, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington, Connecticut Kate L. Conover, BA SDSU-UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology San Diego, California Elizabeth Jane Costello, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina Peter T. Daniolos, MD Clinical Professor and Training Director Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa Mary Lynn Dell, MD, DMin Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Pediatrics Nationwide Children’s Hospital and the Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Annelou L. C. de Vries, MD, PhD Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Center for Expertise on Gender Dysphoria VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands Deborah Blythe Doroshow, MD, PhD Section of the History of Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Jana K. Dreyzehner, MD Child Psychiatrist Tennessee School for the Deaf Knoxville, Tennessee Elisabeth M. Dykens, PhD Professor Psychology and Human Development Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee