‘Step by Step Fourth Edition © Margaret Kerr, JoAnn Kurtz & Arlene Blatt = ainninateaacc ne aia nmaninRseinaInIRS eaten Siec ahanadindinca eens si AE aaa eC ener CEN Sap SR eRe: SRR TER EE I TO ROOT RE IAT GIAA RIE NA RENEE HE SE RARE i reales sate Sas pots ty s: — Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/legalresearchsteOQOOOkerr_e5k2 Legal Research: Step by Step FOURTH EDITION Margaret Kerr, JoAnn Kurtz & Arlene Blatt emond Toronto, Canada ZO1S Copyright © 2015 Emond Montgomery Publications Limited. NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form by any means without the written consent of Emond Montgomery Publications. Emond Montgomery Publications and all persons involved in the creation of this publication disclaim any warranty as to the accuracy oft his publication and shall not be responsible for any action taken in reliance on the publication, or for any errors or omissions contained in the publication. Nothing in this publication constitutes legal or other professional advice. If such advice is required, the services of the appropriate professional should be obtained. Emond Montgomery Publications Limited 60 Shaftesbury Avenue Toronto ON M4T 1A3 http://www.emond.ca/highered Printed in Canada. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada. e 4 Nous reconnaissons l‘appui financier du gouvernement du Canada. Canada Emond Montgomery Publications has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Acquisitions editor: Lindsay Sutherland Managing editor, development: Kelly Dickson Director, editorial and production: Jim Lyons Copy editor: David Handelsman Permissions editor: Monika Schurmann Production editor and coordinator: Laura Bast Proofreader and indexer: Paula Pike Text and cover designer: Tara Wells Cover image: ©iStock.com/Trout55 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Kerr, Margaret Helen, 1954-, author Legal research : step by step / Margaret Kerr, JoAnn Kurtz, Arlene Blatt. — Fourth edition. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-55239-648-3 (pbk.) 1. Legal research—Canada—Textbooks. |. Kurtz, JoAnn, 1951-, author Il. Blatt, Arlene, author — Ill. Title. KE250.K477 2015 340.072'071 C2014-907652-5 KF240.K477 2015 To Sarah and Gael. To Ely, Max, Jacob, and Danny. To Jeffrey, Jordan, and Matthew. ‘@olaicsaies Col iiniehiAuolelcOr so ananh opsaoobomoniccead ean d 15 NANA NOMA SICH Agno ea nakon eens oc 15 How StatutesyArelPUbIISMeCheeaee menteternersne r ee is PARTI MSNA VETSIOMOlvalStalUL ely. reser ieee ere rere 16 The Electronic Version of aS tatute ........-....-.- 16 INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL RESEARCH Why Read a Statute?: «-ctwas.niAumerece ata ie iy NEV AAU) WEES AUIS 4 or Se acaoscoanocauaccosoces Wy 1 The Basics of Legal Research HowitoiRead:aiStatuitesacccr ae crater cree rrr eter tere 18 HearmiMOlOUCOMO S n. 4 veeo teosne can ieA i Wete cdanavesenesssomecagoatre e How to Read a Statutory Provision.............06- 22 IINTOGU GIO MMe racrsscieieccestagaec ierea siti ytsi Pdortarseo ns Statutory Citations xccrsrecsee seer ae en eee ee eee 25 The Purpose and Basic Steps of Legal Research ...... LF INGTON SIEIUIEY G Shoot eoneeoucduodonsa c 25 GateGOries OfiltaWike craeueR tie encntcne depend aterm 2, Volume litleyAbbreviation) a.asve wssusenwe ee BS SOUIGESIO filaW ired camera ey.teuskst castraevatrm eeur a ta: SeiGha tet NUM Olivares ctdawencwaceceecese eetteanen ecruesnst 26 Primary Versus: SECOnGalyISOUNGES «5.e.e we.i n an A SeCUOMNUMDEN memtmaca erR nrettrea ts 26 Paper Sources Versus Computerized Sources ....... LEGislative: HIStORY: neeanreete oetie ceete oetne ee er 26 What It Takes to Be a Good Legal Researcher ........ (COMGOVGIA C AVENE asccrcacchondahoanaansccuc 27 Keyilerms=. ... OS LOA ANGLED OSD OC ONG Te BylAWS> (stis.ter.sanccttursitonsseCadCeRn ahoee mCteaap eenet seaed 28 RESCATGINEXENCISCs tone rremee te soles arausnare ence eed ie ae KeyTelin'S ateq-eaehene store Serer reac rar eens 30 EXENCIS@S!. .ofer.:,voraetronsciseo cgveaehnc tecrioe ctatect soe t e 30 Fae SIMEON, aos Ha aedo ono on Gon ceo tab ooo OOHHOONWLPHo NO N | PARTI I 5 Regulations LearmingiOutcomes nt. tare mnie eget ey aie BS SOURCES OF CANADIAN LAW INtTROAUCTION a ertactren oorin occ camerenae r 34 Whatils:aiRegulation?/mtrras.e man eens area ear 34 2 Statutes How Regulations Are Created ...........-..000000e 34 FeanninGi@UtcOnne«tSiem srset vrarmaneasrir ic ae is How Regulations Are Published .................-. 34 INtrOGUGTIONMNrse bent t avitec cc miat ones marae teegess 14 WihviReadialneg UlatlOnameen en:e renceene r 36 WinatilstarStatlite vier mmr ines cic yseaits sons cares misters <nct 14 MOWMOIREAC AIRC UlatlON ments itar intr ttt rt ts Eeraeen 36 fovsStatutes Are Greatediacnn. cicadas srateerevet te 14 Regulatory, CHAUORS sas cas cums cara eenraeac re ag RECIESICUISS, cttacn dety otiOe ee 14 KevVileniUS<tn on orient caspian arian 40 PrOVithGla PStanUte sient: catateleteretsseteistouele0e (ceccussor<rsus ip EXGnCiS@Shere nce tacrs Serica me cana Sener ae rare ce 40 vi CONTENTS 4 Cases What Is the Objective of Your Research? .......++55 75 Are There Any Hidden Issues? ...0.2se.c e.eee.eee e 75 FearningiOUtCoMesieerne ent Cer er reece rr A5 FormulaterthellSSUeSmprvetrerertera itineraries 76 IAMTOCUCTONe pena tiene cries rasan aie eee ere 46 Identify the Need for Further Information ........... 76 WhatilsaGase? <2 bvc-cra see sent tienen cece eno 46 Example: Analyzing a Fact Situation .......-........ 76 WhyiReadiaiCase?an ce trimahmaraesennteee:n 5i ee e 47 K@ViTOFI M: sick DATS eeareemrer ates terete emia eran 78 How:to: ReadjaiGdsew races a serctehonenretertenatsre 47 EX@ICISES 6,S0 7 cinch aca a ese aetna a ated Ve oP aeoione 78 Meadhote anc: SUMMA ctsue nwa Acceaesemsye w ns 48 PUD OSCR pe rare tt ame meal Mya ieticee ett on eat conan pn rnt er: 48 6 Preparing for and Performing FACUSy Gs arccoravs ays soleya valete docs eset ee ereaey ec ectetctt tee Sc fates 49 Research SSUIEeatrcar ae oer en aro n Olen nei er aetaaaE on re 49 IBAAW ed seneeteeay adsa csctss cectc e eae sc eesa ren Ree enero ene rare 49 Léaming: Outcomesssacne cono cene etmemsa 81 inotio Dreatalaanell zine! IDSEISON) sccoccanocencnoscone 50 [tROGMUCION 2a cres cretes bers aerre sree arsteie a cio erenneraraars 82 DISDOSIHOME canialtes wetnsiinr. careeree 50 Binding Law and Persuasive Law .........-...-.0055 82 WelainUlolexeneses Nexieline) GIGS coe coucaccoanc: 51 Binding Statutes and Regulations ...............- 82 HowiG@asesrATePUDISIeC ii arrestee eraser etnies BS Binding :GaseiltaWisvscrere-asrencrausunersentraraereeeresarers 82 ow to: GiteralCasees.W.artk nioaoct erenshe s 3S PERSUASIVE GaSe dlEaWe Arce sctareiern eeclene renee anaes telets 83 IF SIVI CTONG aS Corer eras reise) erecta ToeR e eS 56 Binding Case Law and the Chain of Appeal in Canada: A General Overview ..........00006. 83 OR CE anon CGO OTT Ecc on teehee ono. 56 Binding Case Law and the Chain of Appeal 3. Law Report Volume Number ............00000- 56 ImOntarlotereeern mmoteerr creerea neter e 85 4. Name of the Law Report Series ..............0% 56 Practical Preparations for Research ................. 89 Sj, hewn lreyororit SMES INUNSEl saosccocenscccanns: Sy/ @rienavourselitinhel law ieee treeetee tteretee erra te 89 GrdPAGEINUMMDE Iicepseiere pev-eere ctea ecceonn uoteessyai ts 57 Find the Primary Sources of Law ............--05- 89 7h, SUMSCNCHOMINCKCOURE oo carcocconsceseognouedg By Update the Primary Sources of LaW............65. 90 Pafalleli@itatlonsmen aceeer CR rere. 58 [email protected] eine. 6 2) eke here eres eee eeretes 90 Citation with Case History Included............... 58 Applying Found Law to the Fact Situation ........... 90 NetitraliGirationse -mmceicaecnee iaecrro r 58 Review Your Analysis of the Fact Situation ......... 91 Electronie Database Gitatlonsi- ee eenereaeenrnan 59 If Necessary, Research the Subject Again .......... 91 Cena elinisinvaomcntinrrcoc won pcmcia Cua Ganio cos hdi c 60 Key Terinis: tle e cet stolen ete tes eee Gt ee 92 EXCICISGS se coera aoe teas. uly ai vcore state vectors ray eae 60 EXENCIS@m hie te Rice cre inte eee eons 92 ANSWers toWalin-U piEXeKciSei se -timtiet cttie e ne 67 PART IV PART III WORKING WITH LEGAL THINKING ABOUT LEGAL RESEARCH RESEARCH SOURCES 5 Howto Analyze a Fact Situation fi Paper Research Sources .............. 95 learningiOUtGOMesizir oci-n cewek cern tere muy ee 73 LearningiOutconmmess nanaea ai ecineer t erns 95 IEFOC UIGTIOMparasaorre etascts cpeiare erreraaeecc ca-erso an RiE G 74 Introd UGtionre. Witarwamtare nneee ntecene 96 Identify the Issues on a Preliminary Basis ............ 74 Working with Paper Sources ...........ecseeeeeens 96 What moesithe:GliemtVVant? as smslriieleniiett s 74 USERSIGUICIES® Rikansnalacmyitcreetmes carsemee eearneriereete es 96 What Arethe Relevant Facts? ...........seeseeee- 74 TalesOMCOntents my.y n sates teeter eee ee etee er OF WhatelsitheAreaonliaw? .....2.e0.4.0 8 MEO EEE 73 CONTENTS vii NES aster dpa dllc s casks kis ee aes LER LES aos o7 How to Use an Unfamiliar Computerized Source ..... V7 Table of Contents or Index—How Do You Choose?... 98 K@VETCTIN Stpte aint raat ne ene aratittte. tein eee ye Hey, Secondary Sources of General Application .......... 98 EXENGISESr "cer nsdevsvblaestb croree eratemte seenrors taeahry etaed caeme ack 1729 Specialized Secondary Sources—Finding Tools ...... 98 Searching for Statutes on a Particular Subject ...... 98 PART V Searching for Regulations on a Particular Subject ... 99 USING A LEGAL ENCYCLOPEDIA TO FIND SEATEMIMNG TOL SBSCIIC GASES 0... sss rceaseesssccne 99 A GENERAL STATEMENT OF LAW TIESTO BUC3S) E l SeO ehe aa ee eg ar nn ae 99 KOVelhinSi tama anc web hithe cle ktcsls nicles Succes + ciate olsrarc et 101 10 Legal Encyclopedias—Paper EXCIGISCS Mal, MP tcataa wee haem attra teers dat titan delice 101 WeanningiOUtcOmes=. stacee ceeea cet eveon e ee iss 8 Computerized Sources IMtrOdUCTION DF.c anes satatess hints cits ae se eee serene 134 ECATIMG OUTCOMES araeieisteianc ineta wirse sar e ee 103 The Canadian Encyclopedic Digest ................. 134 INthoduetONeernsst cetectlaee enaae anie r ess 104 iS GEV GLUES: areata ickeivecnsrece reres cteuercuctita eee atee tse eNe 134 Working with Computerized Sources: TIMOLASMRCOSeMo ann addma oencoe aena mnedooode r 1is5 BCI EVANS sche x nck< < ise MAG Sia icles WINS Ge 104 FLOW:O WIS eite CED) free meet emer neler me orc 136 Dedicated Online Sources: Subscription alsbunyis awsionGanad amen. irm ade yaar 147 (PEVACIAUSA involves. Wes cas dos caeun oan 105 CG EINAWONIGH EIS OUINYS Sao gcscceonge seonesus e 147 General SeGomGany SOUIEES: ew nek ene s seinenso u 107 WsiiGiblalS UWS arcdtetcseasro cackrasraste etstrees 148 Specialized Secondary Sources—Finding Tools ..... 107 KeValeriMSiiemeutrirnc not aestem tery tenet pincer tenet 149 Pig MCI ASTON (CESS ee ortok b uh NAOT eee ree eae 108 EXENCISES covetsr adars a ehee eerniareleiscetns Aimalecs mse evare ierassteraeame 149 WioGlatiin HMO OIS Merc cwnetocie te fetelais paeeteccle eves osc spetan acces ons 108 General Sources on the Internet—All Free .......... 109 Le Legal Encyclopedias— SCLC ENC lee eres arate nus breca rieegensse cre aucisisioya¥ evess cd)f ake 109 Computerized Websites Containing Law-Related Information ..... 109 FearningiOutcomesm rrr etre Shen cfevoncte tiie io BOG MAREIACIISI S ae 4 ce Saar ieie cee rameneararaet or ce aehee cn [ntroc UGtioniernsmnteert: sits aststent aae siete eres (623 Concerns When Using Free-Access Internet Canadian Encyclopedic Digest (CED) Online ......... 152 SOUMN GOSH stetete cea psbe ated Mer tia estara reF e eoWarp yuan arscays (ee Using the Computerized Version of the CED ....... Ney KeyTerm ...... i ay TA tes SEES ONE ORI Oe eRe 113 Working with Your Search Results ..............6. 158 EXECNGISC S stev oircdeie as arise oye) asians, oiatae nsel eraiy « Acounaars 113 Halsbunysitawsiof Gamacaneren riteesr ter 160 K@YiTONITIS; corusnscesie setae caster huectdhe Seen tee oneness 164 9 Computer Searches Using Keywords EXGNGIS@S rca ratyc coisa. nervy nuntasrars tte eastekeretre eotiurueees 164 LSI NIIANS)| OUNACIINES Bann Sa ancnago ean ce sotnooo sor 15 IMEGOGUGHOM teeth ler rere cnet eats jorenlennirion canal 116 PART VI S@eiie nine) ONIMaMMoTCls 5 Geosancnoneusneooganboncor 116 FINDING AND UPDATING STATUTES, The Role of Legal Knowledge and Analysis in KEVMONG! SEANCES soo ovoe obo ekoebye ees anos 116 REGULATIONS, AND CASES GConmninanOvit KEY WOTES' 2.5 sc cence ca es ent eda 118 WVPES/Of KEY WOIG SEATCMCS Weare cre atet ots Kaan ageo eoe ce 118 AP Finding and Updating Statutes Plain or Natural Language Searches ...........2-05 118 and Regulations BOGea iSCalGneSwtream aiceaakeeataierst srca r: ig WearMingiOUtcOMes ee sre ctawal daisiGne sieslae n ts 167 DevelOpingd a Boolean Seach. = unsvere. vee em 125 IpthoG UGHOMieaet crease treat: catieis Sak urkep rea ieee 168 A Final Note on Boolean Searching ......-....5665 127, viii CONTENTS Working with Statutes: Computerized Sources ....... Finding the Text Of aCase cti cantetreie tetenstawr rsenn er: 230 Government Website Search Templates: Updating Cases with Online Sources .........-.05- 230 TUMCHAG) MOGIUS olf SIBWWWES on conacoc gnc snondeocne Key Terriss 4 oo. Ses ee EE TT aR Greco eer 233 Finding the Text of a Federal Statute ...... Raton ak EXGNGISGSine «em eca aah onreer tare mete eee rnt enet neste eee 233 Finding the Text of an Ontario Statute ............. Finding the Text of Statutes ofT erritories or PART VII Provinces OeNetatinaln © Mic hiOmanw er tarerteene atte PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Updating Statutes: Computerized Sources ......... Working with Regulations: Computerized Sources ... FINCING REC StalREGUlatOln Samrmesera trrannsie s 14 A Sample Research Problem: FINCINGONtANO REGUIATIONS 40+1 yein .nae oe From Start to Finish Finding Regulations ofT erritories and Provinces KearmingiOUtcOmes: 7 serie ee einen eer etaea 237 OtnenthaniOntaietOew reareeeae INthOCUUGTION: srictomty deaeiee eyurri reeane ora 238 Updating Regulations: Computerized Sources ...... Researching a Problem: A Recap of the Steps ........ 238 Working with Statutes: Paper Sources .............. The:Glient’s Taleva, smictecnisuie bream bie neil 239 Finding Tools: Print Sources of Statutes ............ AnalysisionthelkaGt:Sitlationineemrsstetrtetnt etererttee t Zoo Finding the Text of Bills and Recent Statutes: Finding a General Statement of the Law ............ 240 FelSep SOUNEES yg oeooddcaonds one s eerie tee Using the Paper Version of the CED .............-. 240 Updating Statutes: Paper Sources ............05. Using the Computerized Version of the CED ....... 243 Working with Regulations: Paper Sources ........... RECONM O UMEINESUINIS: o come omen oogGasosesausseece 246 Keyilenniitirccsocmite ctomtnca ter rae i ire ractcesarctayc ysisiore Finding the Primary Sources of Law ................ 247 EXENCISEShlcestorders coter teer ere rN chek raenca Mercere siete sori SHER)UN T enM ANY g Rikon, a Sere Giro o anitowiNS CHE TeGANE 247 GaSSHNSW ei dere crsvaam aisp attea ete rate sence me aeRO ese ke 248 16 Finding and Updating Cases /NO VO WAIAKG| EME: CEE WOH OUIISSUISY oo co cuneacecseesoc 254 EE arminGlOULCOMCS erriscrks seer eerste ee ciee aebrsc a Updatingithe RiitnakySOULCCS iriiet entteer tee 254 INthodUCtION fet. cee eric tte eee ee eee ee eres Sat URGE EA hat asteqcratate Setncers sas save ater tee eRe ae eke 254 Gettingithe BigiRiGtUIeM mimes eae cee ieee neice GaSe AW irac csegecene clareeeaatcbs ersc is mise" siet orteA eee ere 254 Finding and Updating Cases: Print Sources .......... Our ConclUusiontamtersct cetr emererieearrecnre eire r 256 Looking for Cases About a Particular Subject: Memo ofillawitcaaataocntisc aciecnucetee aitteear 257, Canadian Abridgment Case Digests ............ OpiniomLetteneac aoah eenese ecerecee ee 257 Looking for Cases That Interpret a Statute ......... AP PONG ees ea serch MEa trecn ieee ree eae 258 Looking for Cases That Consider a Word or Phrase... IMMERINO: 5 coonaccone RcSriegee caae kanee ston e 258 IESG UGUeeanetoneatorsondae uammtdqdsca c No) o1=1qlol) Qi eer were SCemae rioe cise lot eke ee 261 LookingonW mreoonted |C asesseererieee ners: Opiniometterstom@lleh tae meee eneeee ey ete ee emer rat 261 Finding the Text of the Case Using the Case Ciatloniwe oe ta AP aes eet ate aa are 15 Legal Writing......................... 263 Undatingi@asesmm sarc. saree sateen ieee tere SFY IMINKS |O WMECNES chticcgagnsgtuscncocacdpucunuse 263 Finding and Updating Cases: Computerized SOURCES cnuucnuspcasc cei SERIE SOAS Ott [MUROCUGTION Mamsceiiesssh l.ecnieetnts ceetre ieirite 264 CanadianrAonaG ment Di Gestswasse cee cies eee earn Wate) ey WENO OTLEY 3 cu cocoon ces asecossacusecus 264 Westlaw’'s Cases and Decisions Database .......... Fonnat ofa Memoot LAW a:.< «cans semeenneene een e 264 LexisNexis Quicklaw (Quicklaw) ..............000e inkacts [Iephoo eamecds rao ni c ou aoc 265 BeSKCeITS IMIOVIGINY G atin og Same roe woSUn ctoatan 66 once HTTKOCIUIGTIOI i ava.s iersi eceuev ttyc iecstay aiee ley nereieie eee oree e 265 Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLll) ....... EACUS aie tachiaven thse ins eel osc-s ora eee Vester 265