ACRP AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT 148 Sponsored by the Federal Aviation LED Airfield Lighting System Administration Operation and Maintenance ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2015 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* CHAIR OFFICERS Kitty Freidheim Chair: Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Freidheim Consulting Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis ViCe Chair: James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, TX VICE CHAIR exeCutiVe DireCtor: Neil J. Pedersen, Transportation Research Board Kelly Johnson MEMBERS Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport Authority Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center; Assistant Dean, Centers and MEMBERS Institutes; and Professor and Director, Environmental Law Program, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC Deborah Ale Flint Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock Oakland International Airport Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO (retired), Norfolk Southern Corporation, Thella F. Bowens Norfolk, VA San Diego County Regional Airport Authority Jennifer Cohan, Secretary, Delaware DOT, Dover Benito DeLeon Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento Federal Aviation Administration A. Stewart Fotheringham, Professor, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, University of Richard de Neufville Arizona, Tempe Massachusetts Institute of Technology John S. Halikowski, Director, Arizona DOT, Phoenix Kevin C. Dolliole Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort Unison Consulting Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, School of Geography, Clark University, Steve Grossman Worcester, MA Jacksonville Aviation Authority Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, CA F. Paul Martinez Chris T. Hendrickson, Professor, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Jeffrey D. Holt, Managing Director, Bank of Montreal Capital Markets, and Chairman, Utah Transportation Bob Montgomery Commission, Huntsville Southwest Airlines Roger Huff, Manager, Ford Global Customs, Material Export Operations, and Logistics Standardization, Eric Potts Ford Motor Company, Farmington Hills, MI Freese and Nichols, Inc. Geraldine Knatz, Professor, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Richard Tucker Southern California, Los Angeles Huntsville International Airport Ysela Llort, Consultant, Miami, FL Paul J. Wiedefeld Donald A. Osterberg, Senior Vice President, Safety and Security (retired), Schneider National, Inc., Freedom, WI Baltimore/Washington International Airport James Redeker, Commissioner, Connecticut DOT, Newington Mark Rosenberg, President and CEO, The Task Force for Global Health, Inc., Decatur, GA EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor, University of Texas, Austin Sabrina Johnson Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Christopher Oswald Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing Airports Council International—North America Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, TX Laura McKee Paul Trombino III, Director, Iowa DOT, Ames Airlines for America Melissa Sabatine EX OFFICIO MEMBERS American Association of Airport Executives Thomas P. Bostick (Lieutenant General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, T.J. Schulz U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC Airport Consultants Council James C. Card (Vice Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, retired), Maritime Consultant, The Woodlands, TX, Neil J. Pedersen and Chair, TRB Marine Board Transportation Research Board Alison Jane Conway, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, City College of New York, NY, Gregory Principato and Chair, TRB Young Members Council National Association of State Aviation Officials T. F. Scott Darling III, Acting Administrator and Chief Counsel, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. DOT SECRETARY Marie Therese Dominguez, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Christopher W. Jenks Sarah Feinberg, Acting Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. DOT Transportation Research Board David J. Friedman, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. DOT LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC Michael P. Huerta, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT Paul N. Jaenichen, Sr., Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT Therese W. McMillan, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. DOT Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Gregory G. Nadeau, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOT Peter M. Rogoff, Under Secretary for Transportation Policy, Office of the Secretary, U.S. DOT Mark R. Rosekind, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Craig A. Rutland, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA Gregory D. Winfree, Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Secretary, U.S. DOT Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC Paul F. Zukunft (Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security * Membership as of July 2015. * Membership as of November 2015. A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 148 LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance John Burns Chuck Dennie Shady Elshetwy Burns EnginEEring, inc. Philadelphia, PA Doron Lean Joe Vigilante LEan EnginEEring, inc. Irvine, CA Subscriber Categories Aviation Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP REPORT 148 Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- Project A09-09 portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- ISSN 1935-9187 tional commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects ISBN 978-0-309-37494-1 with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for Library of Congress Control Number 2015957208 managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) COPYRIGHT INFORMATION serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport published or copyrighted material used herein. Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 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Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org. C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 148 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Joseph D. Navarrete, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Hilary Freer, Senior Editor ACRP PROJECT 09-09 PANEL Field of Maintenance Vivek Khanna, KSA Engineers, Inc., McKinney, TX (Chair) Frank Barczak, PMA Consultants, Orlando, FL Somnath Mukherjee, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Eng. Department, New York, NY Ed Runyon, ADB Airfield Solutions, Columbus, OH Tracy J. Saunders, Delta Airport Consultants, Inc., Charlotte, NC Stephen Jon Schmitz, Lakeland Airport, Woodruff, WI Thomas Mai, FAA Liaison Richard Marchi, Airports Council International - North America Liaison James W. Bryant, Jr., TRB Liaison F O R E W O R D By Joseph D. Navarrete Staff Officer Transportation Research Board ACRP Report 148: LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance provides guidance for operating and maintaining light-emitting diode (LED) airfield ground light- ing systems, including taxi guidance signs, elevated light fixtures, and in-pavement light fixtures. The guidebook will be of particular interest to airport operations and maintenance (O&M) practitioners seeking to maximize the potential O&M benefits that LED lighting offers as they integrate and/or replace older airfield lighting with this new technology. Airports require reliable airfield lighting to ensure safety and service continuity at night or other periods with low visibility, so a significant component of an airport’s operating budget is dedicated to operating and maintaining airfield lighting systems. Since LED airfield light- ing offers potential for substantially reduced maintenance and utility costs, the industry is accelerating the replacement of traditional lighting technologies with this new, more efficient technology. Although LED lighting offers improved efficiencies and reliability, operation and maintenance presents challenges (e.g., potential for obstruction by snow and ice, unique maintenance training and orientation requirements, and system performance monitoring issues). Additionally, O&M factors should be considered during the design and implemen- tation of airfield lighting systems. Research was needed to develop guidance for airports to optimize the operation and maintenance of LED airfield lighting systems. The research, led by Burns Engineering, began with a literature review. Next, an extensive survey of nearly 50 airports produced information on the extent to which LED lighting was used on airfields and on unique O&M practices for LED systems. More detail was obtained through case studies of 12 of the surveyed airports; the case studies focused on field and shop maintenance, unique training for staff regarding LED airfield maintenance, and general lessons learned. Based on the research, the team prepared its guidance. The guidebook begins with an overview of regulatory requirements as they relate to LED airfield lighting and a summary of the survey and case studies. ACRP Report 148 then pro- vides guidance on maintenance, including acceptance testing and warranty, fixture obsoles- cence and spare part recommendations, preventive maintenance and refurbishment/repair, maintenance practices during pavement repair, and environmental factors (e.g., vibration and moisture). The guidebook also covers operational considerations, including circuit configuration, heaters, monitoring, photometric and chromaticity analysis, and return-on- investment. The guidebook is supplemented by a list of references, bibliography, glossary, and sample system requirements and maintenance schedules. AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Burns Engineering research team, including Lean Engineering, would like to thank the airports who participated in this research and contributed valuable information to support the development of this guidebook. O’Hare International Airport, Chicago, IL (ORD) Sacramento International Airport, Sacramento, John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, CA (SMF) NY (JFK) John Wayne-Orange County Airport, Santa Ana, La Guardia Airport, New York, NY (LGA) CA (SNA) Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Portland International Airport, Portland, Oregon Dallas/Fort Worth, TX (DFW) (PDX) Orlando International Airport, Orlando, FL (MCO) San Jose International Airport, San Jose, CA (SJC) Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Louisville International-Standiford Field, Marshall Airport, Baltimore, MD (BWI) Louisville, KY (SDF) Washington Dulles International Airport, Dulles, Piedmont Triad International Airport, Greensboro, VA (IAD) NC (GSO) Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Portland International Jetport, Portland, ME Arlington, VA (DCA) (PWM) Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Fresno International Airport, Fresno, CA (FAT) PA (PHL) Great Falls International Airport, Great Falls, San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, MT (GTF) CA (SFO) Boise Air Terminal, Boise, Idaho (BOI) Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, Spokane International Airport, Spokane, CA (LAX) WA (GEG) Denver International Airport, Denver, CO (DEN) Missoula International Airport, Missoula, Las Vegas International Airport, Las Vegas, NV MT (MSO) (LAS) St. George Municipal, St. George, UT (SGU) Salt Lake City International Airport, Salt Lake City, King County International Airport/Boeing Field, UT (SLC) Seattle, WA (BFI) Seattle Tacoma, Seattle, WA (SEA) Aspen Airport, Aspen, CO (ASE) Phoenix International Airport, Phoenix, AZ (PHX) Telluride Regional Airport, Telluride, CO (TEX) Houston-Intercontinental Airport, Houston, Metropolitan Oakland International Airport, TX (IAH) Oakland, CA (OAK) Minneapolis International Airport, Minneapolis Long Beach Airport, Long Beach, CA (LGB) (MSP) Capital City Airport, Harrisburg, PA (CXY) Kansas City International Airport, Kansas City, South Jersey Regional Airport, Mount Holly, MO (MCI) NJ (VAY) Memphis International Airport, Memphis, Santa Monica Airport, Madison, SD (SMX) TN (MEM) Naples Municipal Airport, Naples, FL (APF) Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Franklin County Regional Airport, Chambersburg, Anchorage, AK (ANC) PA (N68) Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Raleigh/ McGuire Field, Wrightstown, NJ (WRI) Durham, NC (RDU) Joint Base Andrews, Camp Springs, MD (ADW) Pittsburgh International Airport, Pittsburgh, Camp Pendleton, Camp Pendleton, CA (NAS) PA (PIT) Fallon Naval Air Station, Fallon, NV (NFL) C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Background 2 Purpose and Objectives 3 Guidebook Layout 4 Chapter 2 Guidelines and Research 4 Regulatory Requirements 4 Surveys and Case Studies 7 Chapter 3 Maintenance Considerations 7 Acceptance Testing and Warranty 7 Acceptance Testing 16 Warranty 18 Fixture Obsolescence and Spare Parts Recommendations 18 Fixture Obsolescence 20 Spare Parts Recommendations 22 Determining Availability 22 Available Spare Parts 23 Quantity of Spare Parts Method 24 Preventive Maintenance and Refurbishment/Repair 28 Elevated Fixtures 29 In-pavement Fixtures 31 Maintenance Practices During Pavement Repair 31 Pre/During Paving 32 Post Paving 34 Environmental Factors 35 Vibration 37 Moisture 40 Additional Factors 42 Chapter 4 Operation Considerations 42 Circuit Configuration 42 Circuit Load Calculation 43 Circuit Optimization 46 Mixed Circuits with Lights and Signs 46 Mixed Circuits with Incandescent and LED Fixtures 46 3-Step vs. 5-Step CCRs for LED Circuits 47 LED Circuit Inrush 48 Heaters in Elevated and In-pavement Fixtures 52 Monitoring 53 Photometrics and Chromaticity 53 Photometrics 56 Chromaticity 58 Return on Investment Discussion 62 References and Bibliography 63 Abbreviations and Acronyms 65 Glossary of Terms 66 Appendix A System Requirements 72 Appendix B Maintenance Schedules