Lebanon Why has secularism faced such challenges in the Middle East and in Lebanon in particular? In light of dominating headlines about the spreadofsectarianismandtheso-calleddeathofArabsecularism,Mark Farha addresses the need for a thorough examination of thehistory of secularthoughtandpracticeintheregion.Byofferingacomprehensive, systematic account of the underlying ideological, socioeconomic, and political factors involved, Farha provides a new understanding of the historical roots of secularism as well as the potential causes for the continuedresistanceafullydeconfessionalizedstatefacesbothinLeba- nonandintheregionatlarge.Drawingonavastcorpusofprimaryand secondary sources to examine the varying political parties and ideolo- gies involved, this book provides a fresh approach to the study of religionandpoliticsintheArabworldandbeyond. mark farha was Assistant Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies from 2015 to 2018, and Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown Univer- sity’s School of Foreign Service in Qatar from 2008 to 2015. He has writtennumerousscholarlyarticlesonthemodernhistoryandpolitics ofsecularismandsectarianisminLebanonandtheMiddleEast,andis thecontributingeditor ofOvercomingSectarianFaultlinesaftertheArab Uprisings (2016). He serves as a member of the Century Foundation’s projectonminorities,citizenship,andinclusionintheMiddleEast. Lebanon The Rise and Fall of a Secular State under Siege Mark Farha GeorgetownUniversityinQatar UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108471459 DOI:10.1017/9781108558846 ©MarkFarha2019 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2019 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-1-108-47145-9Hardback ISBN978-1-108-45801-6Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. My primary thanks go to my parents Alfred and Klara Farha without whom nothing would have come to pass. Their marriage of East and West and exceptional cosmopolitan paradigm no doubt served as a touchstone for my academic quest to bridge barriers. Their unstinting support and sacrifice allowed me to pursue my research. My experience at Harvard would not have been what it was without the presence (and gentle prodding) of my mentor, Professor Nur Yalman, the emblematic embodiment of an (Ottoman) gentleman and source of “enlightened” joy to all and sundry. Contents Listof Figures page viii Preface ix Acknowledgements xii Introductionand Conceptual Framework 1 1 Definitions and GenealogiesofSecularism 28 2 Prototypes ofSecularism in Lebanon 34 3 Way Stations of the Lebanese Republic 144 4 Socioeconomic Globalization and Secularism 1990–2005 203 Conclusion: Secularism and Lebanon in the Eye of the Sectarian Storm 266 Bibliography 284 Index 312 vii Figures I.1 Referencediagram:Globalpermutationsofsecularism page18 I.2 Situating the Lebanese predicament and individual chapters 23 E2.1 This portraithas been authenticated as the only contemporaneous,original depiction ofFakhr ad-Dīn II. Source: Hāfiz Shihāb, “Reconstructing the MediciPortrait of Fakhr ad-Dīn al-Ma‘an,” Muqarnas 11 (1994): 117–124 35 E2.2 Engraving of Beirut and environs, embraced by Mount Sannine and the Mediterranean Sea. John Carne and W. H. Barlett, Syria, London, 1838,8 46 E2.3 Panorama ofZurich and Lake Zurich in the 1990s with the skyline stretching from the Säntis (on the left) to the Glarner Alps (on the right) in the horizon. Photography courtesyofChristian Heeb, ExposaVerlagsGmbH 47 E2.4 “The Holy Union.” Al-Ma’rad(Beirut),March/April 1922, 11 141 E2.5 The original “Martyr’s Statue” sculpted byYūsuf Huwayyik (author’sphoto) 142 E3.1 Members ofthe Constitutional Commission duringone oftheir visitsto the villagesof Lebanon. Doumet-Serhal, Michel Shīhā 1891–1954,82–83; Lisānul Hāl No. 365/8015 _ March 23, 1920, 2 146 E4.1 Topography ofTā’fīya:Class and Confession in Lebanon. Source: Richard HrairDekmejian, “Consociational Democracyin Crisis: The Case ofLebanon,” Comparative Politics 10.2 (1978): figure 1, 259 225 viii