Lebanon Studies in Middle Eastern History General Editors Bernard Lewis Itamar Rabinovich Roger Savory Th e Turban for the Crown Michael Doran Th e Islamic Revolution in Iran Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs Said Amir Arjomand Th e Search for Egyptian Nationhood, Th e Arab Press in the Middle East 1900–1930 A History Israel Gershoni and James P. Ami Ayalon Jankowski Language and Change in the Arab East Encounters West Middle East France and the Ott oman Empire in Th e Evolution of Modern Arabic the Eighteenth Century Political Discourse Fatma Müge Göçek Ami Ayalon Nasser’s “Blessed Movement” Iran’s First Revolution Egypt’s Free Offi cers and the July Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution Revolution of 1905–1909 Joel Gordon Mangol Bayat Th e Young Turks in Opposition Saddam’s Word M. Şükrü Hanioğlu Political Discourse in Iraq Preparation for a Revolution Ofra Bengio Th e Young Turks, 1902–1908 Islamic Reform M. Şükrü Hanioğlu Politics and Social Change in Late Lebanon Ott oman Syria A History, 600–2011 D avid Dean Commins William Harris K ing Hussein and the Challenge of Cross-Cultural Encounters and Arab Radicalism Confl icts Jordan, 1955–1967 Charles Issawi Uriel Dann Th e Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914 Pan-Arabism before Nasser A Documentary Economic History Egyptian Power Politics and the Edited by Charles Issawi Palestine Question Th e Politicization of Islam Th e Imperial Harem Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, Women and Sovereignty in the and Community in the Late Ott oman Empire Ott oman State Leslie Peirce K emal H. Karpat Estranged Bedfellows Th e Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916– Britain and France in the Middle East 1936 during the Second World War From Chieft aincy to Monarchical Aviel Roshwald State From Abdullah to Hussein Joseph Kostiner Jordan in Transition Th e Emergence of Modern Turkey Robert B. Satloff Th ird Edition Bernard Lewis Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society Shaun Marmon This page intentionally left blank Lebanon A History, 600–2011 WILLIAM HARRIS 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitt ed, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harris, William W. Lebanon : a history, 600-2011 / William Harris. p. cm. — (Studies in Middle Eastern history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-518112-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-19-518111-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Lebanon—History. I. Title. DS80.9.H29 2012 956.92—dc23 2011042934 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To my wife, Afi fe Skafi Harris To my father, Douglas Harris And to the memory of Didem Yaman, who perished in the February 22, 2011, Christchurch earthquake, three months short of completing her PhD. This page intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments x i A Note on Transliteration xiii Glossary xv Timeline for Lebanon and its Communities x xiii Introduction 3 PART ONE FOUNDATIONS 1. Emerging Communities, 600–1291 29 2. Druze Ascent, 1291–1633 66 3. Mountain Lords, 1633–1842 104 PART TWO MODERN LEBANON 4. Emerging Lebanon, 1842–1942 147 5. Independent Lebanon, 1943–1975 193 6. Broken Lebanon, 1975–2011 232 Conclusion 277 Abbreviations 2 85 Notes 2 87 Bibliography 3 23 Index 3 35