ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise Volume2,Issueno.1,DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 ProductionandHostingbyKnowledgeE ResearchArticle Leaving School and Its Outcomes on Health-related Fitness Among Drop-out Algerian High School Students MohammedZerf UniversityAbdelHamidIbnBadisMostaganem,BP207&118,Mostaganem27000,Algeria Abstract Purpose. Schools are ideal venues for the implementation of healthy behaviors allied to the levels of physical activities as the physical and mental health correlate to psychosocial well-being of scholars. Whereas, this advantage is not reliable with dropout students. Support through psychological studies via time structure unconnected to self-efficacy relative to self-physical activity motivation among this CorrespondingAuthor: MohammedZerf;email: social class, especially with the economic crisis as challenges imposed for Algerian mohamd.zerf@univ- society, concerning the high unemployment rates in line with high school dropouts. mosta.dz Method. This controlled study tested 104 high-school Male adolescent students Received:25February2018 aged around 17 years for academic years 2015–2016 and those under 18 years for Accepted:25April2018 Published:30April2018 academic years 2016–2017. Built on the ALPHA-Fitness test battery accompanied by questionnairerelevanttotheirphysicalandsocialtimeforbothyears.Results.Based ProductionandHostingby on the design, the tests practised and the statistical processes applied within the KnowledgeE search limitation, the results support, on one hand, the benefits of school venue MohammedZerf.This as an ideal implementation of health and levels of physical activities and well- articleisdistributedunder thetermsoftheCreative being among our scholars, and on the other, we confirmed the leaving school as CommonsAttribution a negative time trend via dropout students, poorly correlate with times physically License,whichpermits unrestricteduseand and socially inactive. This study inspected that inactive lifestyle relate to body redistributionprovidedthat image disorders and disturbances concomitant to energy-expending relative to theoriginalauthorand missing recreational time and sporting endeavours. Conclusions. Leaving school in sourcearecredited. the Algerian communities is a stress-related biological pathway that links physical Editor-in-Chief: Dr.DimitriosPapandreou disorders and depression virtual to social time structure proceeded to manage the OfficialPublicationofZayed relevanttasks,goalsandobjectives.Indicatedinsimilarasbestwhenindividualsare University,UAE clearaboutwhatitistheyareexpectedtoachieve. Keywords:lifestyle,healthandthefitness,excludedstudents,adolescents Howtocitethisarticle:MohammedZerf,(2018)“LeavingSchoolandItsOutcomesonHealth-relatedFitnessAmongDrop-outAlgerianHighSchool Page1 Students,”ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise,vol.3,issueno.1,1–17.DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf 1. Introduction ItistimeforAlgeriansocietytorecognizethedropoutproblemasasystemicproblem thatcanbeaddressedeffectivelyonlybyasystemicapproachtoprevent[1]thedrop- out students, who are the future citizen of Algeria. However, the professional expe- rience of developed countries, such as after-school tutoring, cannot take the place of preventivesystemicapproaches[2].Criticizethoughttimeandtheinsufficientfinancial resourcestosignificantlymakeanimpactontheproblemintervention[3].Reportedin similarstudiesasprograms,whichdonotprovidepsychologicalcounsellingtodropout students, sited in similar studies at high risk of many social problems issues [4]. The case of this controlled study is based on the effects of school dropout problem and itsrelationtostudents’lifestyle,sportsactivities’motivation,beforeandafterleaving their school. Established in similar to serious costs influencing people’s comportment, the standard live and interactions with family and friends [5]. Owing to that, life sat- isfaction related to time spent more likely to be involved in antisocial behaviour [6]. Locateinthecaseofouryoungastheconflictbetweenthedesiretobegrown-upand the stress underlies daily lifestyle [7]. Admit in their time spent dedicated to social networking. Reported as a negative side-effect thought, their virtual life becomes more important than the objectives of their families [8]. Proof, which lets us think that changes in the environment of students after their leaving school can have a significant impact on their opportunities to participate in pro-social activities, condi- tions that can affect the physical outcomes of their health [9]. Well-known in similar as an inactive lifestyle for teenagers [10], adolescents and young [11]. Its negative effects are claimed to mental health [12], as well as social capital [13]. Comprising thestress-relatedbiologicalpathwaythatlinksphysicaldisordersanddepression[14] relative to anxious behavior, due to poverty, parental mental illness, and domestic violence,whichmaymaketeenagersmorelikelytoengageinantisocialbehavior[15] asaresultofdepressivebehaviorassociatedwithtimeofinactivityspentcorrelateto higherbodymassindex(BMI)factorofobesity-relatedhealthdiseases[16].Identified inAfricanstudiesasahighlightpoorlyaspectcontributetoadecreaseinparticipation inenergy-expendingrecreationalandsportingendeavours[17].Recommendedbythe Algerianstudiesviatheinculcationofgoodvalues,asanadvantageoftheadolescents’ free time by doing useful activities to reduce the psychological and social pressures. ReportedasabsentproceduresintegrateintotheAlgerianstatuscommunities[18]to enhance their quality lifestyle. Counselled by specialists in this topic built on fitness analysis to assess the level of suitability body composition, negatively concomitant DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 Page2 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf withbodyfatness[19],socioeconomicstatusandlifestyle[20].Aimedinthisstudyvia the excluded students oriented to the adult lifestyle, that we think that they are not yet prepared, because of economic crisis challenges imposed to Algerian society are relatedtohighratesofmaleunemploymentproportionaltohigh-schooldropouts[21]. As negative factors influencing self-efficacy correlate to the time of physical activity [22]. 2. Methods Our study bases its investigation on the effect of school dropout problem and its relationshipwithbehaviorallife-goalschanges,inspectedviathissocialclassthrough theirphysicalandsocialtimes.Consideredinsimilartobeoneofthecriticalchallenges that today’s schools are facing. Cautioned by the Center for Educational Statistics, at high risk among high-school dropout rate, set at 25 percent, qualified to increase rapidly to 50–75 percent in the few further years [23]. Admitted by our scientists as a complex situation, especially with the economic crisis as a challenge imposed on the Algerian society regarding the high unemployment rates among the high-school dropouts associated with the lack of devices made by our government regarding this concept [24]. Contrary to this, the Mexican government has implemented a program to create part-time jobs for young people to encourage them to continue their edu- cation [25]. Indicated by Earl Smith as a beneficial way to structure teenagers’ time toward sports programs, or other pro-social activities[26], fixed as valuable opportu- nitiesbehavior,withpositiveoutcomesforanypopulationorcommunity,accordingto RichardGiulianotti[27]. 3. Study Population and Design The research samples were elected by intentional manner including 104 high-school students from the Mostaganem Academy, aged around 17 years for the academic years 2015–2016 and those under 18 years for the academic years 2016–2017, male, healthy with good habits, without medication on a regular basis, and familiar with the procedure taken in this study. It was based on a questionnaire relevant to the physicalandsocialtimeofthestudents,accompaniedbytheALPHA-FitnessTestBat- tery (Teenagers) [28] for both years. Divided into two groups, 62 of them continued their study (SCHS), since the others were excluded (SEHS). All provided their written agreementstoparticipateinthepresentstudy. DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 Page3 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf 3.1. For the questionnaire A:Dailyphysicaltime: Select the number that best describes your overall level of physical activity for the previousmonths: 1 Avoidsphysicalactivities points 2 Only120minutesPElesson points 3 PE lesson + 1–3 hours regular physical points exerciseperweek 3.1.1. B: Daily social activities’ time: Select the number that best describes your overall level of social activity for the pre- viousmonths: 1 I share my free time between social net- points worksandvideogames 2 Isharemyfreetimebetweenshoppingand points socialnetworks 3 I devote my free time to my sports leisure points andsocialnetworks 3.2. For health-related physical fitness The authors based their research on the ALPHA-Fitness Test Battery adopted by the European Union to evaluate the health-related fitness status in youngsters and teenagers. Acquainted by similar [29], as the ideal battery tests confirmed by some author in its evidence to access the impact of body fat allied with the health related tofitnessaccordingtothefollowingtests[30]: For the puberty test, all the participants provided their certificates signed by their doctors. Body weight was measured in the standing upright position with electronic scaleswitha precisionof100gm. Bodyheightwasdeterminedbystandingheightto thenearest0.5cm.Bodymassindex(BMI)wascalculatedastheratioofbodyweight to the square of height (kg/m2) [31]. Flexed Arm Hang test was calculated from the totaltimerecordedasstaylevelwiththebar.Whiletocalculatethelevelsofthistest, DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 Page4 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf weuse1pointfor40sec.Standingbroadjump,werecordthelongestdistancejumped, thebestofthreeattempts.Theparticipant’sscoreforthe20-mshuttlesrunisthelevel andnumberofshuttles(20m)reached.Inthe4x10mshuttleruns,werecordthetime tocompletethetestinsecondstothenearestonedecimalplace.Aswellascollecting theactivitiesoftheirdailylivesatthebaseoftheirconfirmations. 4. Statistical Analysis Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS 21 (SPSS for Windows, SPSS Inc., and Chicago, IL, USA). Built on the computation of the means, standard deviations, the dependentt-testandcorrelationpairedsamples,asastatisticaltreatmentservingthe purposeofthestudy,thesignificancelevelwassetatP ≤0.05. 5. Results Depending on the data entered, the aims of the study and the statistical processes applied within the search limitation regarding the effect of school dropout problem and its relationship with behavioral goals changes connected to inactive physical and socialtimes,ourresultsimprovethebenefitsofschoolsettingsrelativetoPEactivities for both groups (SCHS) and (ECHS), see Tables 1 and 3. Estimated as a vital impact among before leaving high school in comparison to the results of the same sample afterleavingtheschool.Confirmedbythecontrolgroupofthestudentswhocontinued theirstudies.Admittinginthecaseofourcommunityviatheonlinesocialnetworking asaprivilegedmeanstospendtheirfreetimewasreportedasanegativesideeffectas thevirtual lifebecomesmoreimportantthan theobjectivesoffamilies[8].Antisocial behavior was recorded in the present study as a side effect [15], as a result of the inactive lifestyle among the dropoutstudents associated with their higher body mass index(BMI)asrisksofobesity-relatedhealthdiseases[16].DisclosedbyNinavdBet al. [32] as negatively correlated with subjective well-being and positively correlated with depressive symptoms. Confirmed in present study based on the validity of tests usedinthisstudyderivedfromalphahealth-relatedfitnesstestrecommendedbythe European Union as a reliable tool in the school environment. As well as the general population [33]. Certified by the significance of the dependent t-test, Table1and cor- relationlistinTable2amongthedropoutstudents.Confirmedbythecontrolgroupthe case of students who continued their studies Table 3 and correlation list in Table 4. In the benefit of school’s venue as an ideal setting for the implementation of healthy DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 Page5 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf behavioursalliedtolevelsofphysicalactivitiesandphysicalmentalhealthcorrelateto psychosocial well-being of scholars associated with less body fat relative to increase of physical performance. Advocated by BMI as an energy indicator allowing the com- parison of athletic performance in numerous health and fitness tests [34]. Where the most appropriate profiles are related to less BMI as favourable conditions to realize optimalperformance[20].SupportbyAfricanstudiesasmessingsportspolicecontrol of energy-expending allied to recreational and sporting endeavors [17]. Noted in this study as consequent health outcomes allied to lifestyle and strategies to promote weight loss or weight maintenance for overall health and behavioral modifications [35],disordersordepression.RecommendedbytheWHO(2016b)inmeasurementsof BMI and central adiposity together in order to determine an individual’s relative risk ofobesity-relatedillhealth[36].Thecaseofthisstudythatconfessesthebenefitsof school time structure activities in the increases of health-related fitness. Showing in previous among the benefits of PA via its influence on the levels of physical activity as well as their positive impact on health quality of life in adolescence or adulthood [37]. Advance by sports scientists in the control of body fat as one of the major fac- tors increased levels of body dissatisfaction and disordered. Showed in similar trough lower-body power [38], which is inversely correlated with strength score, handgrip, standing broad jump, and an indicator of muscle endurance in adolescents. The case ofthisstudyrecordviatherelationtimespentonsocialorphysicalactivitiesstrongly correlate with the levels of fitness record among both the groups in Tables 2 and 4. Confirmed by similar in the effect of body fat associated with the health and perfor- manceofadolescents[30].Supportbythepresentasmissinghealthmeasurespractice [39]viaAlgeriancommunity,afterleavingtheirschool. Built on aims of this study regarding the impact of exit school and its outcomes on health-related fitness. Sustained by sociological studies among time spent related to behavioralgoalsandbehaviorchangeconcomitatetoinactivephysicalandsocialtimes shows in medical studies as a stress-related biological pathway that links physical disordersand depression [14]. Confirmedin the case ofthis study byincreased levels of body dissatisfaction and disordered among our dropout sample [40]. Subjecting in onehandthatschooldropoutisafactorcontributingtolowfitnessandhealthrelative to mental health and life satisfaction [41]. Where in other the time spent in school enhancedthebenefitsofPEcurricularasahealthylifestyleforourscholars.Established in this study based on the impact of body fat on student performance record after oneyearoftheirexclusionsfromtheschools.Reportedbysimilarasastronginverse DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 Page6 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf N Mean S.D T P≤0.05 Age Before 62 17.55 0.45 0.56 0.18 After 17.75 0.35 Bodymassindex(BMI) Before 21.26 0.76 –9.84 0.00 After 25.19 3.36 FlexedArmHang(FAH) Before 5.85 3.49 13.52 0.00 After 3.88 4.45 Standingbroadjump(SBJ) Before 2.44 1.28 17.91 0.00 After 1.84 1.37 20-mshuttlerun(SR20m) Before 7.44 0.73 7.86 0.00 After 5.77 0.46 4 x10 m shuttle run Before 9.33 0.44 –6.82 0.00 (SR4x10m) After 10.66 0.45 Physical times Relative Before 2.42 1.54 –13.73 0.00 daily physical activities time After 0.76 0.46 Socially active time Rela- Before 7.43 2.51 –11.55 0.00 tive daily social activities time After 2.44 1.52 Table1:Presentthecharacteristicsanddifferencesobservedinthedropoutsample(pre-testandpost- test). Paired Samples BMI FAH SBJ SR20m SR4x10m Statistics PhysicalTimes –0.89∗∗ –0.86∗∗ –0.72∗∗ –0.87∗∗ 0.86∗∗ Sociallyactive –0.98∗∗ –0.92∗∗ –0.98∗∗ –0.94∗∗ 0.88∗∗ **.CorrelationissignificantatP≤0.01level(2-tailed). N 62 Table2:PresentPearsonCorrelationbetweentimespentandALPHAhealth-relatedfitnesstestbattery amongdropoutgroup. correlationbetweenBMIandthetestsunderstudy,establishedinasimilarstudyasa validtesttoevaluatehealthrelatedtofitnessinschoolenvironments[42].Advancedin theirpossibilitytoestimatetheimpactofadiposityamountsonbodyhealthfitnessvia adolescents.Agreedinpreventivesthoughtadolescentswithfatnesshavelowerlevels offitnessthantheirpeer[43].Declaredinwell-beingstudiesthroughbiologicalfactors leadingtoantisocialbehaviorandabnormalemotionaldevelopmentashealth-riskand aggressivebehaviors[44].Accountedbyeducationalstudiesthroughthepositiverela- tionshipbetweendroppingoutofschoolanddelinquencyathigherriskforbehavioral problems suggested as problems correlate to physical changes and body hormone growth among pubertal stage [45]. Record in the present study midst upper body DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 Page7 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf N Mean S.D T P≤0.05 Age Before 62 17.68 0.32 0.45 0.12 After 17.88 0.22 Bodymassindex(BMI) Before 22.26 0.76 –3.84 0.00 After 21.19 0.36 FlexedArmHang(FAH) Before 5.57 3.49 –3.52 0.00 After 6.88 4.45 Standing broad jump Before 2.49 1.28 –2.96 0.00 (SBJ) After 2.91 1.37 20-m shuttle run Before 7.59 0.73 –2.86 0.00 (SR20m) After 5.77 0.46 4 x10 m shuttle run Before 9.44 0.42 –3.82 0.00 (SR4x10m) After 8.66 0.46 Physical time Relative Before 2.42 1.54 –0.73 0.12 daily physical activities time After 2.76 0.46 Socially active Relative Before 7.43 2.44 –0.55 0.22 daily social activities time After 7.54 2.52 Table3:Presentthecharacteristicsanddifferencesobservedinthescholar’ssample(pre-testandpost- test). Paired Samples BMI FAH SBJ SR20m SR4x10m Statistics PhysicalTime 0.85∗∗ 0.84∗∗ 0.76∗∗ 0.88∗∗ –0.85∗∗ Sociallyactive 0.96∗∗ 0.94∗∗ 0.95∗∗ 0.96∗∗ –0.89∗∗ **.CorrelationissignificantatP≤0.01level(2-tailed). N 62 Table4:PresentPearsonCorrelationbetweentimespentandALPHAhealth-relatedfitnesstestbattery amongscholars. massindex(BMI)affectingmusclestrength,enduranceandcardiorespiratoryfunctions amongthoseteenagers.Acknowledgeadvancebypreventingstudiesforthiscategory to invest her spare time in more sports activities related to more daily physical and healthactivities[46].Agreementbysimilartoparticipationinoutdoorsportsactivities [47]. Vindicated in the present study as benefits, healthy fitness practice permitting to teenage who left school to maintain an overall athletic body composition. As the desire to maintain healthy weight correlates to upper physical performance. Advance by similar via the overweight as a serious health concern in the development of the DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 Page8 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf adolescence’smusculoskeletalsystemrelativetomusclestrengthandbodycomposi- tion[48].Indicatedinpsychologicalstudiesasthemakeupofaparticularpersonwith regard to his/her behavioral goals and change cognitions to his/her inactive physical and social times. Sited in the present study as a consequence to body gain relative to health and fitness. Reported in a similar study as a model of an inactive lifestyle and their costs [37]. The case of our leavers recommended considering a sport and physical activity as a part of their daily lifestyle. Evidence agreed by sports scientists in a higher level of physical activity and less time spent to increase health-related quality of life among leavers. Implores in the literature as part-time work programs for these adolescents or daily routine physical activities that promote better physical and mental health and psychosocial well-being than inactive ones who make people depressed. Reminded by LeBlanc AG et al. [49]that the governmental, nongovern- mental and the stakeholder organizations should collaborate in creating sustained, long-term, and well-resourced communication plans to reach the general population inordertoraiseawarenessofthePAandSBguidelinesasimplementationprogramsto facilitate their uptake [49]. The case of this study, which recommended this practice thought lever schools. Supported by Scott K, et al [50]in the classic model of inter- vention for behaviour change based on behavioural conditioning, satisfaction, and motivationthatemphasizescausalrelationshipsbetweenantecedents,consequences, andbehaviours.Expectedasregretdecision-makingmeasureapproachtopublicpolicy thathelpsindividualspronetomakingirrationaldecisionsachievetheirgoals[50]. 6. Conclusions Ourfindingsenhancethebenefitsoftimespentinschool,improvedbyPElessonsasa healthylifestylebenefitbalance,exploitedtooptimizeteens’freetime.Supportinthe present study by the strong inverse correlation between the structure of the physical orsocialtimewiththefitnesstestsemployedinthisstudy,morenegativelycorrelated with the inactive lifestyle chosen by our teens exclude affirmed by the results of the control group, which continued their studies. Sustained in ecological, prevention and medicalstudiesasastress-relatedbiologicalpathwaythatlinksphysicaldisordersand depression. The case of this study, which asks our teachers to integrate the outdoor educationthatcanhaveanimpactonhealthandwell-being,thecaseofoutdoorsport as a benefits habitual physical activity for the well-being that can make a significant contributionto good healthand reduce the amount of time spent watching television orconnectingtotheInternet.Aswellaspsychologicalhealth. DOI10.18502/ajne.v3i41.1691 Page9 ArabJournalofNutritionandExercise MohammedZerf References [1] Dominic J. Brewer, Patrick J. McEwan. (2010). Economics of Education. Burlington: ElsevierScience. [2] CharlesD.Spielberger.(2004).EncyclopediaofAppliedPsychology.Oxford,Boston: ElsevierAcademicPress. [3] Sara J. de Silva, Pierella Paci, Josefina Posadas. (2014). Lessons Learned and Not Yet Learned From a Multicountry Initiative on Women’s Economic Empowerment. Washington,DC:WorldBank. [4] Hugh M. Bochel, Martin A. Powell. (2016). The Coalition Government and Social Policy:RestructuringtheWelfareState.Bristol:PolicyPress. 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