Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete by Peter Hewlett ISBN: 0750662565 Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books Pub. Date: January 2004 Author Biographies Peter C. Hewlett (Editor) is Director of the British Board of Agrement. He is President of the European Organisation for Technical Approvals (EOTA) and Past President of the European Union of Agrement (UEAtc). Before joining the BBA in March 1988, he was a Director of Cementation Research Limited, part of the then Trafalgar House group, working in construction and building research and development for almost 25 years. Professor Hewlett is a chartered chemist holding the degrees of BSc and PhD. In addition he was awarded a Doctor of Laws Honorary Degree (honoris causa) for his research into various materials aspects of concrete and in particular chemical modification and durability. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Institute of Materials and the UK Concrete Society, of which he is President Designate, as well as an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Concrete Technology. He holds a Visiting Industrial Professorship in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Dundee, Scotland, and has done so since 1986, working within the Concrete Technology Unit. He is currently Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Magazine of Concrete Research (published on behalf of the Institution of Civil Engineers) and has published and lectured widely around the world. John Bensted read Chemistry for his BSc and PhD degrees at the University of London, before joining Blue Circle Cement at its research division in Greenhithe, Kent. Here he spent over 17 years in research, development, quality control and technical troubleshooting worldwide for the group's entire range of cement types. He rose to become a principal scientist, and was awarded the DSc degree of the University of London for his cement research work. In 1985 he joined British Petroleum at their Sunbury Research Centre, initially as a senior drilling engineer before becoming a research associate. He directed research programmes on oilwell cement and functioned as an internal consultant for all aspects of cement technology for the different BP businesses worldwide. Since 1992 John has become more involved with academic research in cement and concrete technology as a visiting professor at the Universities of Keele, Greenwich and London (Birkbeck College). He acts as a consultant in cement technology, operating internationally. Robert G. Blezard spent 36 years in the cement industry as a materials technologist and developed a deep interest in the history of the cement industry. In 1950 he was appointed X Author biographies Chief Analyst at the West Thurrock plant of Tunnel Cement Company, and in 1967 he became a section head in its newly formed Research and Development Department. Later in his career he moved to Blue Circle Cement where he specialised in the microscopy of cement materials. His work has appeared in many publications including Chemistry and Industry, Analyst and Cement and Concrete Research. He is a member of the American Concrete Institute's Committee on the History of Concrete. Bev Brown is a Chartered Physicist who qualified with a Special Physics degree at the University of London in the early 1960s. He is now the Divisional Technical Executive of Readymix (UK) Limited and is responsible for technical services within the company, covering sand, gravel, mortar and ready mixed concrete activities. Bev is Chairman of the BSI Sub-Committee dealing with aggregates for concrete. Also active in Europe, he has represented the UK as lead delegate on the CEN Committee which is developing the European Standard for concrete aggregates. At the same time he has been Convenor of the task group considering geometrical requirements for all the end uses of aggregates. Bev has contributed to a number of conferences concerned with aggregates, concrete and quality assurance, and presented a range of papers on these topics. His published work includes the contribution on 'Marine Aggregates' in the book Standards for Aggregates. Well known in the industry, he also participates in various technical committees within the Concrete Society, Construction Industry Research and Information Association, European Ready Mixed Concrete Organisation, Quarry Products Association and the Quality Scheme for Ready Mixed Concrete. Alain Capmas studied Physics at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale of Lausanne, Switzerland. After two years doing computational research in Compagnie Generale d'Electricite, he joined Lafarge in 1975 where he worked on refractory castables and Portland cement before progressing to run a factory producing calcium aluminate cement. In 1987 he transferred to the Central Research Laboratory where he led a research effort to understand the factors affecting the quality of calcium aluminate cements. During this time he developed a thermodynamic approach to understanding the hydration of calcium aluminate cements with the team of Professor Pierre Baret of the University of Dijon. He was then Director of Research and Development at Lafarge Fondu International (now Lafarge Aluminates) until 1995 when he became Research and Development Director of the Central Research Laboratory of Lafarge. Rodney M. Edmeades graduated in Chemistry in 1953 and, following an intensive technical training course, worked in the cement industry (Blue Circle Group) for 11 years. Joining Cementation Research in 1964, he was appointed a Director in 1977 in charge of the Materials Technology Section. His work at the time encompassed the investigation of cement hydration mechanisms and the interaction of admixtures, together with the development of materials used in civil engineering, concrete repair, ground engineering and mining. He co-authored a number of papers and was elected a Member of the Institute of Concrete Technology in 1988. In that year as a result of a company reorganisation he became an Associate Director of Trafalgar House Technology, responsible for Construction Materials, and acted as Senior Consultant to various group units prior to retirement in May 1995. Margi Eglinton is a graduate in science of the University of Adelaide, South Australia. Author biographies xi Although now retired, she was for more than 40 years a practical chemist. The later, and major part of her working life was spent as Chief Chemist to Wimpey Laboratories Limited. She developed a strong interest in the causes of damage to concrete, and an area of special interest to her has been microbiological causes of damage, particularly sulfate- reducing and sulfate-oxidising bacteria. She has served on several committees and working parties engaged in drawing up recommendations for the performance of concrete in difficult ground conditions, analytical test methods for the determination of harmful contaminants and the foundation of research programmes to investigate the behaviour of concrete in aggressive conditions. She has written several papers and a book on the subject. Per Fidjestel graduated from Norwegian Technical University in 1973 with a degree in Civil Engineering. He joined Det Norske Veritas working in the area of offshore and marine structures, including cold climate technology. His main role, however, concerned concrete technology. In 1986 he joined Elkem Materials and has since been engaged in a variety of capacities, mainly related to R&D, marketing and technical support in the area of microsilica for concrete. Per is a fellow of ACI and a member of several technical and board-appointed committees, including Chairman of the International Activities Committee. He has published about 50 technical papers mainly on corrosion and/or microsilica. He has also been a member of CEN groups related to microsilica, and is a member of ASTM C-9 on Concrete and D-18 on Geotechnics. Fredrik P. Glasser is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. He is the author or co-author of more than 350 papers on material science, including many on cement. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and has received numerous distinctions, including Scientific Chairmanship of the 10th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cements and the Copeland Award of the American Ceramic Society. His current research includes the development of new and improved cementitious materials, with emphasis on low-energy clinkering. He leads a Commission of the European Programme which has as its objective establishing a scientific basis for the cement conditioning of nuclear wastes. Peter J. Jackson entered the cement industry in 1952 at the Research Department of the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Limited after graduating in chemistry at the University and worked on the development and subsequent production of a range of special cements. After the award of an USC in 1962 he transferred into cement manufacture, and having attained Chartered status as Control Engineer was responsible for quality and process control at the eight works located in the Midlands. In 1972 he was appointed Chief Chemist of the Aberthaw and Bristol Channel Portland Cement Company Limited and in 1982 he became the Chief Chemist of the Rugby Portland Cement Company Limited. From 1989 he worked as an independent consultant dealing with matters associated with cement and its manufacture, while maintaining his membership of the European (CEN) Technical Committee on cement and the Convenorship of its Working Group on masonry cement. Eric E. Lachowski is an electron microscopist in the Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen. He has over 15 years of experience in the application of electron microscopy to cement and related phases. Along with Professor H.F.W. Taylor he was a pioneer of xii Author biographies the use of analytical electron microscopy for the study of cement hydration products. Current cement related research includes studies of novel, high-performance materials and also the application of cement and concrete to waste immobilisation. His other research activities lie mainly in the field of solid state and materials chemistry, much of it focusing on electroceramics. To date he has published over 60 papers. C. David Lawrence was awarded a BSc in physical chemistry at Liverpool University in 1954. He has spent almost his entire working career at Wexham Springs, at the laboratories of the Cement and Concrete Association and its successor the British Cement Association. He investigated the physical structure of hardened cement paste by various sorption techniques under the direction of Mr F.G.R. Gimblett and Professor K.S.W. Sing at Brunei University, where he completed his PhD as an external student in 1981. More recently, the external sulfate attack on cement mortars and internal delayed ettringite expansion of heat cured specimens have been subjects of his laboratory researches. Since the closure of the BCA laboratories at Wexham Springs in 1993, he has been Senior BCA Research Fellow at the Centre for Cement and Concrete, The University of Sheffield, where he is continuing his laboratory studies on various durability problems in collaboration with Professor J.H. Sharp, Professor R.N. Swamy and Dr Cyril Lynsdale. Robert Lewis is Technical Marketing Manager at Elkem Materials. He began his career in 1978 as a field technician for Tarmac Topmix and, having passed the two CGLI Concrete Practice and Concrete Technology Certificates, moved on to control the laboratory and field technicians for the UK Southern Region. By the time he left Tarmac Topmix he was Assistant to the two Area Managers for that Region. He moved to Elkem Materials in 1986, joining the technical services side of the concrete operation in the UK. Currently he provides technical support to Elkem Material's international market, covering the European, Middle Eastern, South East Asian and Far Eastern regions. Robert has written, co-authored and presented a number of papers on microsilica and its use, including work in the Concrete Society's Technical Report 41 on Microsilica in Concrete in the UK. He is a member of a number of British Standard Committees, as well as the UK represer;tative to the CEN Committee on Silica Fume. He represents Elkem Materials on the Concrete Admixtures Association and on the Sprayed Concrete Association. He is an Associate Member of the Institute of Concrete Technology and a member of both the Concrete Society and the American Concrete Institute. Donald E. Macphee is a lecturer in Chemistry at the University of Aberdeen. His interest in cement chemistry began in 1984 when he took up a research position with Professor F.P. Glasser at Aberdeen to investigate the scientific basis for radioactive waste immobilisation in cement-based matrices. His main focus in this study was on the development of models to predict phase composition and distribution in blended cement systems. Donald remained in Aberdeen until he was appointed by CSIRO Australia in 1989 as Research Scientist within the Division of Building, Construction and Engineering. Latterly, as Senior Research Scientist he was leader of the Cement and Concrete Technology Group until he returned to the UK in 1992 to his present appointment. His current research interests include the development of high-performance cements (pore reduced cements) based on Portland and aluminous cements, non-destructive testing of cements and concretes by electrical impedance spectroscopy, the development of toughened concretes Author biographies xiii (with and without fibre reinforcement) and waste immobiUsation in cements and related materials. He has published around 35 papers on cement related research. Franco Massazza was born in Cagliari, Italy, and received his degree in Chemistry in 1949. The same year he became Assistant Professor at Cagliari University where he taught chemistry, the chemistry of building materials and industrial chemistry for many years. He was Head of Italcementi's Research Laboratories from 1965 to 1992, and from 1975 to 1985 held the post of Professor of Technology of Materials and AppHed Chemistry at Milan's Politecnico. Since 1965, he has lectured on ordinary and special concretes at the Politecnico. Professor Massazza is author or co-author of more than 150 publications, has appeared in a host of national and international technical magazines and on conference committees. Currently a member of the Editorial Board of Cement and Concrete Research, Cement Composites and Advanced Cement Based Materials, Professor Massazza was also on the Editorial Board of // Cemento until it ceased publication in 1995. Micheline Moranville-Regourd is Professor of Materials Science at the Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, the University of Paris, where she obtained her BSc, MSc and PhD in Physics. She is a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society and has worked in France and elsewhere as a consultant, acting as UNIDO Expert on a commission to Shanghai in 1984. She was awarded the National Order of Merit in 1981, the Mohan Malhotra Award from the Canadian Center for Mineral and Energy Technology in 1986 and the Elphege Baude Award for Industrial Basic Research in 1993. Author of over 150 papers and chapters in books, her fields of research are materials characterisation, cement hydration and the durability of concrete. Ivan Odler is a native of Czechoslovakia. He earned a BSc degree in chemical engineering and a doctor degree in ceramic engineering from the Slovak Technical University. Ivan started his professional career as an Assistant Professor at the Komensky University in Bratislava and later worked for a Czechoslovak building materials research and testing institute, until his emigration to the United States in 1968. In the US he worked at Clarkson College of Technology (Potsdam NY) and for the Westvaco Research Center in Charleston SC and W.R. Grace Company in Cambridge MA. In 1976 he was appointed Professor of Materials Science at the Technical University of Clausthal (Germany) and became director of the Institute of Non-metallic Materials and head of the Materials Testing Laboratory, affiliated with the University. He held these positions until his retirement in 1995. Currently he lives in Boston, MA. Karen L. Scrivener studied Materials Science at Cambridge University, followed by a year at the University of Pennsylvania in the USA. In 1980 she joined the research team of Professor Peter Pratt at the Department of Materials, Imperial College, London. Her PhD studies, entitled 'The development of microstructure during the hydration of Portland cement', concerned the use of electron microscopy to study cements and concrete and led, in particular, to the development of the use of backscattered electrons to study polished sections in the scanning electron microscope. This approach was developed in Karen's post-doctoral studies, examining and quantifying the microstruc ture of the interfacial transition zone between cement aggregate in concrete. In 1986 she was appointed Warren Research Fellow of the Royal Society to continue her studies on xiv Author biographies the microscopy of cement and concrete - especially its application durability - including an initial study on the durability of calcium aluminate cements. In 1991 she was appointed to a lectureship at Imperial College, where she took over responsibility for the cement and concrete group from Professor Pratt on his retirement. In 1995 she joined the Central Research Laboratory of Lafarge as head of the research group on calcium aluminate cements. She is the author of some 40 publications on cement and concrete, including keynote presentations at the two most recent International Congresses on the Chemistry of Cement. Ian Sims read Geology at London University (Queen Mary College) and then obtained a doctorate in concrete technology, when his research involved studying a number of threats to the durabihty of concrete. Among other things, he found that UK flint aggregates were potentially alkali-reactive, formulated an explanation that has recently been confirmed and predicted that resultant damage to concrete could be expected in certain circumstances. After joining Sandberg in 1975, he established and developed its Geomaterials Department and later transferred to its Consultancy Group, rising to be a Senior Associate. Much of his work during this period concerned the assessment of aggregates for their suitability for use in concrete. These aggregates included materials from sources worldwide. Ian has been and remains actively involved in developing British Standards for testing and specifying aggregates. He was Secretary of the Geological Society working party on aggregates for construction and is currently Secretary of the international RILEM technical committee compihng accelerated tests for alkali- aggregate reactivity. Since 1996 Ian has been a main board Director of STATS Limited in St Albans, Hertfordshire, where he leads a team of construction materials specialists within the company's Consultancy Division. He himself provides advice on cementitious materials and their constituents such as aggregates and also natural stone. He frequently acts as an expert witness. Foreword Leas Chemistry of Cement and Concrete has existed, literally, as a standard work for my life time, with the first edition jointly authored by Frederick Lea and Cecil Desch appearing in 1935. Much has changed since the third edition was published in 1970. The cement industry itself has changed on the world stage, and there have been major improvements in the manufacturing process and quality control leading to a more uniform product. With the significant growth of the ready mixed and precast concrete industries over the past 40 years, customer demand has also changed (e.g. higher early strength for precasting). Finally in this Hst of changes in a changing world, the attitude of the ultimate customers for cement and concrete - the owners of structures - has been conditioned by the growing concern about durability. The somewhat disappointing durability performance of a proportion of the vast numbers of concrete structures built since the 1960s - interspersed by major concerns such as alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and the still persistent corrosion issue (due mainly to chlorides, in their various forms) - has provoked a much greater interest in the properties of cement and concrete on the part of a wider cross-section of the construction industry, and, indeed, by the public at large. This continuing saga, no doubt fuelled by fresh concerns over environmental and sustainability issues, will maintain that interest in the future, and will demonstrate the need for a further edition of this book in the years to come! Another significant development influencing the content of this book is that construction (and with it cement and concrete) has gone truly international. The supporting generation of information and the ability to share that knowledge and experience has led to an information explosion, which is often difficult for the user to absorb, comprehend and apply. There is a genuine need among all professionals in the construction industry for a series of safe-havens, where all existing knowledge can be brought together on a particular topic and distilled by experts for easy reference and use. Such is the case for any authoritative reference and it is the case for the continued existence of Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete - an acknowledged and respected standard work. The obvious next question is, has this quality and need been met by the team charged with replacing Lea himself and producing this fourth edition? To answer that question, it is first necessary to reflect on how the book will be used, and by whom. This has always been an authoritative reference work, painstakingly compiled with an eye for detail. As such, it has been referred to by specialists such as cement chemists, and dipped into by other professionals in the construction industry in quest of xvi Foreword detailed information on specific topics. Both uses will continue. However, the non- specialist use is likely to increase, for the reasons mentioned earlier, and there is a need for this edition to reflect that by taking account of the concerns and trends over the intervening 27 years. The international flavour of construction (and the scale of the problem) is confirmed by the fact that the editor has brought together 17 other recognised and respected international experts to produce this volume. Under these circumstances, the job of editor is no sinecure. In maintaining the currency, calibre, continuity and content of the work (while ensuring a proper update, and looking ahead) there is the monumental task of integrating the output of so many individuals into a coherent and comprehensive whole. Peter Hewlett has achieved that successfully, while contributing himself as a co author of Chapter 15. I have little doubt that Frederick Lea himself would have approved. So, what about the book itself? How has it changed to face the modern world? The first clear impression is that it is bigger - around 1050 pages compared with the 740 of the third edition. A casual overview also tells us that there are fewer chapters - 16 compared with 21. In part, this perhaps reflects the expertise and interests of the individual contributors. More significantly, it represents restructuring into a more logical layout for current needs. Nothing is lost in doing this (the scope is largely unaffected) and, indeed, certain aspects have been strengthened. Moreover, some subjects have blossomed and are deserving of a chapter on their own; admixtures are one example and production of low-energy cement is another. A further clear impression from a general overview is the comprehensive list of references that appear a the end of each chapter (several over 200 in number and, in one case, over 500). This reflects the information explosion mentioned earher, has the merit of bringing all relevant information together, and is helpful to the reader should he or she wish to pursue interests in even greater depth. While the scope of Lea's book has always been more than just the chemistry of cement, there will inevitably be topics where further exploration is necessary for the in-depth study of related or interlocking subjects, and this new style makes that easier and represents a significant enhancement in this edition. An awareness of the changes introduced by the new team comes first with Chapter 2 on the classification of cements. While, to a large extent. Lea's book transcends changes in standards, cement has become an international comniodity and recognition of the requirements of standards is now more important. In particular, the development of a European Standard for cement is significant. For that reason, this chapter has been substantially rewritten, updated and expanded, with the emphasis on European and American standards. A classification is given both in terms of composition and of performance-related properties; this latter development is especially important in response to the greater interest in the characteristics of the wide range of cements now available with regard to durability. This same chapter comprehensively covers the manufacturing process (a separate chapter in earlier editions), where again there has been significant change. The above brief description of Chapter 2 typifies those that follow - rewritten, updated and expanded are all key words, with a stronger emphasis on performance and on a wider range of engineering properties. Some chapters have substantially the same title, but with recast and updated content. Chapter 13 on calcium aluminate cements is a case in point; the original coverage is still there, in updated form, but with the addition of a broad and realistic perspective on usage following the failures in the UK in the early 1970s. Chapter Foreword xvii 16 on aggregates is a mini-reference book in its own right, containing, among other things, an up-to-date review of alkah-aggregate reaction. In my opinion, there has always been a need for this book - the safe-haven referred to earher. That need has not fundamentally changed, and therefore it was essential to retain the character, coherence and calibre of Lea's original work, but to put it in a modern setting. In doing so, the attitudes of a modern readership had to be recognised; interest in the subject is wider, and, without doubt, the new style and approach permits easier understanding and access to the intelligent non-expert. That is as it should be for the next millennium. The production of this fourth edition could not have been an easy task - modernising a standard respected work while avoiding sacrificing the principles and approach of the original author. Without doubt, the new team has been successful in meeting its brief of providing an authoritative reference, in the tradition begun by Frederick Lea more than 60 years ago. Professor George Somerville November 1997 Director of Engineering British Cement Association