Learning to Teach from Anticipating Lessons through ComicsBased Approximations of Practice by ChiaLing Chen A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Education) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Patricio G. Herbst, Chair Professor Deborah Loewenberg Ball Professor Hyman Bass Associate Professor Elizabeth A. Davis © Chia‐Ling Chen 2012 DEDICATION To my dearest father, Te‐Yu Chen, who devoted his whole heart to raising me and shaping my life, who dreamt big dreams for me and believed in me. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to have my family, friends, and colleagues with me in this journey. I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to Professor Patricio Herbst who has served as my advisor through my graduate study. I am inspired by his passion and insights for innovative research. I sincerely appreciate all the guidance and emotional support Pat has offered me through these years. I would like to also thank my other committee members, Professor Deborah Ball, Professor Hyman Bass and Professor Betsy Davis. I am privileged to have them challenge me to think deeply and better my work, and encourage me during the work of this dissertation. I have been fortunate to work with a group of talented and generous colleagues in the GRIP (Geometry Reasoning and Instructional Practices). Working with them has provided me with invaluable support, resources and professional growth. I want to thank Wendy Aaron, Gloriana González, Hui-Yu Hsu, Manu Mehrotra, Takeshi Miyakawa, Chieu Vu Minh, Travis Skindzier, Mindy Steffen and Michael Weiss for the incredible opportunities to cooperate with them on various projects. I am particularly thankful to Chieu and Mindy, who put great effort into developing the Depict tool. Without them, the Depict tool would not have been possible, nor would my dissertation. I iii also want to thank Wendy, Gloriana and Hui-Yu for their help in the analysis and writing through the process. I am grateful to my friends, with whom I have shared laughter and tears during these years. I appreciate their friendship and companionship through cold winters and beautiful summers in Ann Arbor. I also thank my friends in Taiwan for always being available a phone call away, and when I visited back home. I am in great debt to my parents and my sister, who love and support me unconditionally. My father, Te‐Yu Chen, and my mother, Shu‐Chen Chen, have instilled traditional values and encouraged me to do my best in every challenge. My sister, Chia‐Yi Chen, is my best friend and has taken good care of family matters while I’ve been away. There is no doubt in my mind that without their support, I would not have had the strength to complete this process. I am grateful to my aunts and uncles for their support. I also want to thank my in‐laws and my brother‐in‐law for their encouragement. Finally, thanks to my husband, Chih‐Wei Wang, for his love and care for me. His partnership and friendship have given me extraordinary strength in difficult moments. His passion for life and profession has inspired me to finish this work. I also appreciate him bringing joy to my life. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................................ix LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................xiii LIST OF APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................xv ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1 Rationale for Designing a Lesson‐Sketching Tool............................................................4 Hypotheses and Research Questions.....................................................................................5 An Activity Theory Framework for the Study Design.....................................................7 Dissertation Overview...............................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE..........................................................................................13 Learning from Interacting with Milieu...............................................................................13 Using Representations of Teaching to Approximate the Practice..........................15 Graphic representations of teaching.............................................................................19 Lesson Planning...........................................................................................................................21 Novice teachers’ planning..................................................................................................22 Comparison between novice and expert teachers..................................................23 Summary of teachers’ lesson planning.........................................................................27 Lesson Planning as a Learning Activity.............................................................................28 Lesson Planning as a Contextualized Experience..........................................................29 Summary.........................................................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................35 Setting and Context.....................................................................................................................36 Data Collection and Sources...................................................................................................37 Phase One: Lesson planning in text...............................................................................38 Phase Two: Using Depict or describing lessons........................................................39 Introduction to Depict...............................................................................................................42 Design rationale.....................................................................................................................43 Overview of Depict................................................................................................................44 v Graphic features in Depict..................................................................................................45 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................50 A multimodal data corpus..................................................................................................50 Discourse analysis of lesson events: Comparing two groups.............................53 Task analysis: Comparing lesson depiction and lesson plan..............................60 Graphic features and screen action analysis of Depict..........................................61 Summary.........................................................................................................................................62 CHAPTER 4 ANTICIPATING TEACHER AND STUDENT ROLES IN LESSONS................64 Characteristics of Lesson Planning in Text......................................................................66 Tasks and class events.........................................................................................................66 Participants..............................................................................................................................70 Teacher’s processes..............................................................................................................72 Class processes.......................................................................................................................74 Individual student processes............................................................................................76 Class Events Comparison between Lesson Depictions and Lesson Descriptions .............................................................................................................................................................77 Participants..............................................................................................................................78 Teacher’s processes..............................................................................................................80 Class processes.......................................................................................................................80 Individual student processes............................................................................................81 Summary.........................................................................................................................................82 CHAPTER 5 TASK ANALYSIS OF LESSON PLAN AND LESSON DEPICTION...................86 Case #1: Ellie and Elliot’s work.............................................................................................87 Anticipating Task #1............................................................................................................87 Analytical commentary on Task #1...............................................................................94 Anticipating Task #2............................................................................................................95 Analytical commentary on Task #2............................................................................101 Anticipating Task #3.........................................................................................................102 Analytical commentary on Ellie and Elliot’s lesson depiction........................120 Case #2: Pamela and Sienna’s work.................................................................................126 Anticipating Task #1.........................................................................................................126 Analytical commentary on Task #1............................................................................132 Anticipating Task #2.........................................................................................................132 Analytical commentary on Task #2............................................................................138 Reviewing lesson slides...................................................................................................140 Anticipating Task 3............................................................................................................141 Analytical commentary on Task #3............................................................................144 Anticipating Task #4.........................................................................................................145 Analytical commentary on Task #4............................................................................147 Analytical commentary on Pamela and Sienna’s lesson depiction...............149 Case #3: Serena and Beth’s work......................................................................................152 Anticipating Task #1.........................................................................................................152 Analytical commentary on Task #1............................................................................160 Transitioning from Task #1 and Task #2................................................................162 vi Reviewing lesson slides...................................................................................................163 Anticipating Task #2.........................................................................................................163 Integrating Task #2 with a follow‐up task..............................................................170 Analytical commentary on Task #2............................................................................179 Discussing Task#3.............................................................................................................182 Analytical commentary on Beth and Serena’s lesson depiction.....................183 Case #4: Samantha and Millie’s work..............................................................................187 Anticipating Task#1..........................................................................................................187 Analytical commentary on Task #1............................................................................194 Anticipating Task #2.........................................................................................................195 Analytical commentary on Task #2............................................................................199 Anticipating Task#3..........................................................................................................199 Analytical commentary on Task #3............................................................................207 Anticipating Task#4..........................................................................................................209 Analytical commentary on Task #4............................................................................212 Reviewing slides.................................................................................................................213 Analytical commentary on Samantha and Millie’s lesson depiction............215 Syntheses of Lesson Depiction across Four Cases.....................................................218 The changing role of lesson plan in the lesson depiction activity.................218 Specifying teacher’s instructional moves.................................................................221 Refining mathematical tasks..........................................................................................229 Individualizing students..................................................................................................234 Considering temporal factors in a lesson.................................................................242 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................244 CHAPTER 6 USE OF DEPICT’S FEATURES.................................................................................246 Use of Graphic Features.........................................................................................................246 Templates...............................................................................................................................246 Actions on templates.........................................................................................................248 Speech bubbles....................................................................................................................251 Actions on speech bubbles.............................................................................................251 Inscribe....................................................................................................................................254 Caption boxes.......................................................................................................................256 Actions on caption boxes.................................................................................................258 Gestures..................................................................................................................................259 Facial expressions..............................................................................................................261 Visualization of Lesson Slides.............................................................................................262 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................264 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................266 Revisiting the Research Questions.......................................................................................266 Learning from Interaction with a Milieu........................................................................270 Graphic Representations as Semiotic Resources Mediating Learning..............272 Approximations of Practice in Depicting Lessons......................................................273 Limitations..................................................................................................................................275 Limitations of Depict.........................................................................................................275 vii Limitations of the study...................................................................................................276 Implications for Practice.......................................................................................................278 Implications for Research.....................................................................................................280 APPENDICES..........................................................................................................................................282 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................292 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The basic activity system framework............................................................................8 Figure 2. Activity system for the Control group.........................................................................10 Figure 3. Activity system for the Depict group...........................................................................10 Figure 4. The learning situation........................................................................................................14 Figure 5. The interface of Depict shown when the study was conducted.......................45 Figure 6. The first task in Ellie and Elliot’s lesson plan..........................................................87 Figure 7. EE‐S01‐v1: The question posed by the virtual teacher was copied directly from Ellie and Elliot’s text‐based lesson plan...................................................................89 Figure 8. EE‐S01‐v2: The virtual teacher sets up the question...........................................90 Figure 9. EE‐S02: A male student, sitting in the front row, answers with an expression.........................................................................................................................................91 Figure 10. EE‐S03: Teacher responds to the student’s answer and asks a follow‐up question.............................................................................................................................................92 Figure 11. EE‐S04: More than one student were involved in response to the question.............................................................................................................................................94 Figure 12. The second task in Ellie and Elliot’s lesson plan.................................................95 Figure 13. EE‐S05‐dlt: This slide was deleted after the participants realized that the table from previous task should be on the board............................................................97 Figure 14. EE‐S05: This slide was duplicated from the first slide to preserve the board content..................................................................................................................................98 Figure 15. EE‐S06‐v1: Multiple students participated verbally and nonverbally....101 Figure 16. The third task in Ellie and Elliot’s lesson plan...................................................102 Figure 17. EE‐S07‐v1: The teacher responded to a student’s reply and suggested graphing the points....................................................................................................................104 Figure 18. EE‐S08‐v1: The teacher was graphing on the right side, instead of left side....................................................................................................................................................105 Figure 19. EE‐S01‐v3: The virtual teacher’s instruction was revised...........................108 Figure 20. EE‐S06‐v2: A caption box indicates the time needed for student thinking. ............................................................................................................................................................109 ix
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