Leadership seventh edition To Laurel, Lisa, Madison, Scott, and Kallie Leadership Theory and practice • seventh edition Peter g.Northouse Western Michigan University FoR INFoRMATIoN:  Copyright 2016 by SAGE Publications, Inc. SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced 2455 Teller Road or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or Thousand oaks, California 91320 mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any E-mail: [email protected] information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 oliver’s Yard 55 City Road Printed in the United States of America London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. Northouse, Peter Guy. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 Leadershop : theory and practice/Peter Northouse, India Western Michigan University.—Seventh Edition. SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. pages cm 3 Church Street Includes bibliographical references and index. #10-04 Samsung Hub ISBN 978-1-4833-1753-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) Singapore 049483 1. Leadership. 2. Leadership—Case studies. I. Title. HM1261.N67 2015 ′ 303.34—dc23 2014044695 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Maggie Stanley Associate Editor: Abbie Rickard Editorial Assistant: Nicole Mangona Production Editor: Libby Larson Copy Editor: Melinda Masson Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Sally Jaskold Indexer: Sheila Bodell Cover Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Liz Thornton Digital Content Editor: Katie Bierach 15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents Preface xvii 1. Introduction 1 2. Trait Approach 19 3. Skills Approach 43 4. Behavioral Approach 71 5. Situational Approach 93 6. Path–Goal Theory 115 7. Leader–Member Exchange Theory 137 8. Transformational Leadership 161 9. Authentic Leadership 195 10. Servant Leadership 225 11. Adaptive Leadership 257 12. Psychodynamic Approach 295 13. Leadership Ethics 329 14. Team Leadership 363 15. Gender and Leadership 397 16. Culture and Leadership 427 Author Index 467 Subject index 477 About the Author 491 About the Contributors 493 Detailed Contents Preface xvii 1. Introduction 1 Leadership Defined 2 Ways of Conceptualizing Leadership 5 Definition and Components 6 Leadership Described 7 Trait Versus Process Leadership 7 Assigned Versus Emergent Leadership 8 Leadership and Power 10 Leadership and Coercion 12 Leadership and Management 13 Plan of the Book 15 Summary 16 References 17 2. Trait Approach 19 Description 19 Intelligence 23 Self-Confidence 24 Determination 24 Integrity 25 Sociability 26 Five-Factor Personality Model and Leadership 26 Emotional Intelligence 27 How Does the Trait Approach Work? 29 Strengths 30 Criticisms 30 Application 32 Case Studies 32 Case 2.1 Choosing a New Director of Research 33 Case 2.2 A Remarkable Turnaround 34 Case 2.3 Recruiting for the Bank 36 Leadership Instrument 37 Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ) 38 Summary 40 References 41 3. Skills Approach 43 Description 43 Three-Skill Approach 44 Technical Skill 44 Human Skill 44 Conceptual Skill 45 Summary of the Three-Skill Approach 46 Skills Model 47 Competencies 48 Individual Attributes 52 Leadership Outcomes 53 Career Experiences 54 Environmental Influences 55 Summary of the Skills Model 56 How Does the Skills Approach Work? 56 Strengths 57 Criticisms 58 Application 59 Case Studies 60 Case 3.1 A Strained Research Team 60 Case 3.2 A Shift for Lieutenant Colonel Adams 62 Case 3.3 Andy’s Recipe 64 Leadership Instrument 66 Skills Inventory 67 Summary 69 References 70 4. Behavioral Approach 71 Description 71 The Ohio State Studies 72 The University of Michigan Studies 73 Blake and Mouton’s Managerial (Leadership) Grid 74 Authority–Compliance (9,1) 75 Country-Club Management (1,9) 75 Impoverished Management (1,1) 75 Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5) 76 Team Management (9,9) 77 Paternalism/Maternalism 77 Opportunism 77 How Does the Behavioral Approach Work? 78 Strengths 80 Criticisms 81 Application 81 Case Studies 82 Case 4.1 A Drill Sergeant at First 83 Case 4.2 Eating Lunch Standing Up 84 Case 4.3 We Are Family 85 Leadership Instrument 87 Leadership Behavior Questionnaire 88 Summary 90 References 91 5. Situational Approach 93 Description 93 Leadership Styles 94 Development Levels 96 How Does the Situational Approach Work? 97 Strengths 98 Criticisms 99 Application 102 Case Studies 103 Case 5.1 Marathon Runners at Different Levels 103 Case 5.2 Why Aren’t They Listening? 105 Case 5.3 Getting the Message Across 107 Leadership Instrument 108  Situational Leadership Questionnaire: Sample Items 109 Summary 112 References 113 6. Path–Goal Theory 115 Description 115 Leader Behaviors 117 Directive Leadership 117 Supportive Leadership 117 Participative Leadership 118 Achievement-Oriented Leadership 118