Latinos and the Liberal City 24803 POLITICS AND CULTURE IN MODERN AMERICA Series Editors: Margot Canaday, Glenda Gilmore, Matthew Lassiter, Stephen Pitti, Thomas J. Sugrue Volumes in the series narrate and analyze political and social change in the broadest dimensions from 1865 to the present, including ideas about the ways people have sought and wielded power in the public sphere and the language and institutions of politics at all levels— local, national, and transnational. The series is motivated by a desire to reverse the fragmentation of modern U.S. history and to encourage synthetic perspectives on social movements and the state, on gender, race, and labor, and on intellectual history and popular culture. 24803 24803 LATINOS AND THE LIBERAL CITY Politics and Protest in San Francisco Eduardo Contreras UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS PHILADELPHIA 24803 24803 Copyright © 2019 University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher. Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104- 4112 www.upenn.edu/pennpress Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 A Cataloging- in- Publication record is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978- 0- 8122- 5112- 8 24803 24803 CONTENTS List of Abbreviations vii Introduction. Latinos, Liberalism, Latinidad 1 Chapter 1. El Público Latino: Community Life in the Early Twentieth Century 15 Chapter 2. La Lucha Obrera: Mass Action and Inclusion in the Progressive Labor Movement 45 Chapter 3. “Big Jobs to Do”: Economic Security, Electoral Politics, and Civil Rights Liberalism 70 Chapter 4. “Taking Latin Americans into Account”: Civic Action, the State, and the Promotion of Latinidad 102 Chapter 5. “The Color of Citizen Participation”: Community Control and the Contest over Great Society Liberalism 132 Chapter 6. “Oppressed by Our Latino Culture”: Tradition and Liberation During the Sexual Revolution 178 Chapter 7. “We Must Unite with All Struggling People”: Gentrification, Gay Rights, and Neighborhood Politics 213 Epilogue 249 24803 24803 vi Contents Notes 257 Index 299 Acknowledgments 311 24803 24803 ABBREVIATIONS AASF Archives of the Archdiocese of San Francisco ACWU Alaska Cannery Workers Union AFL American Federation of Labor ANMA Asociación Nacional Mexico Americana ASFBS Archives of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors BACABI Bay Area Committee Against the Briggs Initiative BAGL Bay Area Gay Liberation BANC Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley BAR Bay Area Reporter BART Bay Area Rapid Transit CALA Centro Activista Latino Americano CAP Community Action Program CBPOD California Ballot Propositions Online Database CCSS Catholic Council for the Spanish Speaking CCU Council for Civic Unity CDA city demonstration agency CIO Congress of Industrial Organizations CPWU Cannery and Preserve Workers Union CSO Community Service Organization CSS Catholic Social Service CUAP Citizens United Against Poverty CWU Cannery Workers Union El Congreso Congress of Spanish Speaking Peoples ED El Democrata EM El Mundo EOC Economic Opportunity Council ET El Tecolote FEP fair employment practices FEPC Fair Employment Practices Commission 24803 24803 viii Abbreviations FRP Family Rehabilitation Program GALA Gay Latino Alliance GLBTHS Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Historical Society of Northern California GMCC Greater Mission Citizens Council HA Hispano América HRSG Housing Rights Study Group HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development IHRC Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis IISF International Institute of San Francisco ILA International Longshoremen’s Association ILGWU International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union ILWU International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union LaC La Crónica LAPV Lesbians Against Police Violence LARC Labor Archives and Research Center, San Francisco State University LaREAL La Raza En Acciόn Local LAT Los Angeles Times LATA Latin American Teachers Association LC Labor Clarion LGA Lesbian and Gay Action LH Labor Herald LO Lucha Obrera LSDC Los Siete Defense Committee LULAC League of United Latin American Citizens MAC Mission Anti- Displacement Coalition MACAB Mission Area Community Action Board MACAP Mission Area Community Action Program MAOC Mission Area Organization Committee MAPA Mexican American Political Association MCO Mission Coalition Organization MCOR Mission Council on Redevelopment MCS Marine Cooks and Stewards Union MDC Mission Defense Committee MDRC Mission District Renewal Commission MFC Movimiento Familiar Cristiano 24803 24803 Abbreviations ix MFP Maritime Federation of the Pacific MMA Mission Merchants Association MMNC Mission Model Neighborhood Corporation MNC Mission Neighborhood Centers MPC Mission Planning Council MWIU Marine Workers International Union NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NARA National Archives and Records Administration NIRA National Industrial Recovery Act NNM New Nueva Mission NYT New York Times OBECA Organization for Business, Education and Community Advancement PAC political action committee PAT Parents and Taxpayers PHA Public Housing Authority PRWO Puerto Rican Women’s Organization RM La Razón Mestiza RMPT Responsible Merchants, Property Owners and Tenants SCSU Special Collections, Stanford University SFAH San Franciscans for Affordable Housing SFBPD San Francisco Ballot Propositions Database SFC San Francisco Chronicle SFCFEPO San Francisco Committee for a Fair Employment Practices Ordinance SFCIO San Francisco Congress of Industrial Organizations SFCOPE San Francisco Committee on Political Education SFCSRA San Francisco Committee to Stop the Redevelopment Agency SFDE San Franciscans for District Elections SFE San Francisco Examiner SFFL San Francisco Fairness League SFHC San Francisco Housing Coalition SFILGWU San Francisco Joint ILGWU Board SFLC San Francisco Labor Council SFP San Francisco Progress SFPL San Francisco Public Library SFPWD San Francisco Public Welfare Department 24803 24803