This page intentionally left blank Edited by and First published in Great Britain in 2004 by Hodder Education, an Hachette UK Company 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH www.hoddereducation.com © 2004 Edward Arnold (Publishers) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. The advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, but neither the editors, the contributors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978 0 340 80930 3 Typeset in Great Britain by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent What do you think about this book? Or any other Hodder Education title? Please send your comments to [email protected] To Catherine, Daniel and Sylvia This page intentionally left blank Contents List of tables xi List of figures xiii About the authors xv Preface xix PART 1: GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNITY 1 1 Latin America transformed: globalization and neoliberalism 3 Robert N. Gwynne, Cristóbal Kay Unravelling the concept of globalization in Latin America 5 Globalization and the contemporary relevance of structuralism and dependency theories 11 Globalization in the neoliberal era 14 Social bases of neoliberalism 17 Conclusion: a paradigm shift in theory and policy 19 2 Modernity and identity: cultural change in Latin America 22 Jorge Larraín Introduction 22 The Latin American trajectory to modernity 24 Some specific elements of Latin American modernity and culture 32 Conclusion 38 3 Structural reform in South America and Mexico: Economic and Regional Perspectives 39 Robert N. Gwynne Historical contexts 43 Economic policy change 46 Impacts and problems of neoliberal reform 50 Neoliberalism and economic spaces 57 Conclusion 63 vii d e m 4 Globalization, neoliberalism and economic change in Central r o America and the Caribbean 67 f s n Thomas Klak a r T A region of small and dependent states 69 a c Development policies prior to neoliberalism 73 ri e The debt crisis and the neoliberal remedy 76 m The meaning and impacts of globalization 77 A n The neoliberal development model 80 ati Cuba: island socialism amid global capitalism 84 L Migration and transnationalism 87 Regional trading blocs 87 The growing drug economy 90 Conclusion 91 5 The urban revolution 93 Alan Gilbert Urban growth during the twentieth century 94 Explanations for urban growth 95 Rural–urban migration 98 The geography of urban growth under the new economic model 101 The urbanization of poverty 102 Differential patterns of urban change 104 An unpredictable future 114 6 The political economy of sustainable development 117 Warwick E. Murray and Eduardo Silva Natural resource use – economy or environment? 118 Political-economic issues and implications 122 Whose sustainability? The Chilean fruit export boom 124 Environmental issues and implications 128 The politics of natural resource extraction 133 Conclusion 135 PART 2: POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 139 7 Authoritarianism, democracy and development 141 Eduardo Silva Political economy and the state 141 Democracy, authoritarianism and development 143 Conclusion 154 8 The new political order: towards technocratic democracies? 157 Patricio Silva Neoliberalism, modernization and democracy 157 The depoliticization of society 159 Political legitimation and consumerism 162 The technocratization of policy-making 164 viii C o Disenchantment 166 n t The future of democracy in Latin America 168 e n t s PART 3: SPACE, SOCIETY AND LIVELIHOODS 171 9 Livelihood transitions, place transformations: grounding globalization and modernity 173 Anthony Bebbington Conceptualizing livelihoods in Latin America 174 Livelihoods since neoliberalism 181 Livelihood politics 183 Livelihoods, NGOs and development 185 Globalization and livelihoods in Latin America 188 Conclusion 191 10 Civil society, grassroots politics and livelihoods 193 Sarah A. Radcliffe Civil society in Latin America: social difference, rights and the state 194 Civil society mobilization in the 1970s and 1980s 196 Civil society and the transition to democracy 202 Civil society and social difference 202 Conclusion 207 11 Urban livelihoods, employment and gender 210 Sylvia Chant Household livelihoods 210 Urban employment 215 Gender and the urban labour market 221 Conclusion 228 12 Rural livelihoods and peasant futures 232 Cristóbal Kay The lost promise of agrarian reform 232 Globalization, neoliberalism and agriculture 234 Peasant futures: a permanent semi-proletariat? 240 The new peasant movement: indigenous and environmental dimensions 246 Conclusion 249 PART 4: LATIN AMERICAN FUTURES 251 13 The alternatives to neoliberalism 253 Robert N. Gwynne and Cristóbal Kay The neoliberal model evaluated 253 Alternatives to neoliberalism 259 Bibliography 268 Index 311 ix