Table of Contents Cover Image Front matter Copyright Preface to the twelfth edition Preface to the eleventh edition Preface to the tenth edition Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Introduction to regional anatomy Part one. Tissues and structures Part two. Nervous system Part three. Embryology Part four. Anatomy of the child 2. Upper limb Part one. Pectoral girdle Part two. Shoulder Part three. Axilla Part four. Breast Part five. Anterior compartment of the arm Part six. Posterior compartment of the arm Part seven. Anterior compartment of the forearm Part eight. Posterior compartment of the forearm Part nine. Wrist and hand Part ten. Summary of upper limb innervation Part eleven. Summary of upper limb nerve injuries Part twelve. Osteology of the upper limb Chapter 3. Lower limb Part one. Anterior compartment of the thigh Part two. Medial compartment of the thigh Part three. Gluteal region and hip joint Part four. Posterior compartment of the thigh Part five. Popliteal fossa and knee joint Part six. Anterior compartment of the leg Part seven. Dorsum of the foot Part eight. Lateral compartment of the leg Part nine. Posterior compartment of the leg Part ten. Sole of the foot Part eleven. Ankle and foot joints Part twelve. Summary of lower limb innervation Part thirteen. Summary of lower limb nerve injuries Part fourteen. Osteology of the lower limb Chapter 4. Thorax Part one. Body wall Part two. Thoracic wall and diaphragm Part three. Thoracic cavity Part four. Superior mediastinum Part five. Anterior mediastinum Part six. Middle mediastinum and heart Part seven. Posterior mediastinum Part eight. Pleura Part nine. Lungs Part ten. Osteology of the thorax Chapter 5. Abdomen Part one. Anterior abdominal wall Part two. Abdominal cavity Part three. Peritoneum Part four. Development of the gut Part five. Vessels and nerves of the gut Part six. Gastrointestinal tract Part seven. Liver and biliary tract Part eight. Pancreas Part nine. Spleen Part ten. Posterior abdominal wall Part eleven. Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands Part twelve. Pelvic cavity Part thirteen. Rectum Part fourteen. Urinary bladder and ureters in the pelvis Part fifteen. Male internal genital organs Part sixteen. Female internal genital organs and urethra Part seventeen. Pelvic vessels and nerves Part eighteen. Perineum Part nineteen. Male urogenital region Part twenty. Female urogenital region Part twenty-one. Pelvic joints and ligaments Part twenty-two. Summary of lumbar and sacral plexuses Chapter 6. Head and neck and spine Part one. General topography of the neck Part two. Triangles of the neck Part three. Prevertebral region Part four. Root of the neck Part five. Face Part six. Scalp Part seven. Parotid region Part eight. Infratemporal region Part nine. Pterygopalatine fossa Part ten. Nose and paranasal sinuses Part eleven. Mouth and hard palate Part twelve. Pharynx and soft palate Part thirteen. Larynx Part fourteen. Orbit and eye Part fifteen. Lymph drainage of head and neck Part sixteen. Temporomandibular joint Part seventeen. Ear Part eighteen. Vertebral column Part nineteen. Osteology of vertebrae Part twenty. Cranial cavity and meninges Part twenty-one. Cranial fossae Part twenty-two. Vertebral canal Chapter 7. Central nervous system Part one. Forebrain Part two. Brainstem Part three. Cerebellum Part four. Spinal cord Part five. Development of the spinal cord and brainstem nuclei Part six. Summary of cranial nerves Part seven. Summary of cranial nerve lesions Chapter 8. Osteology of the skull and hyoid bone Part one. Skull Part two. Hyoid bone Biographical notes Index Front matter Last's Anatomy Commissioning Editor: Timothy Horne, Jeremy Bowes Development Editor: Sally Davies Project Manager: Elouise Ball Design Direction: Charles Gray Illustration Direction: Bruce Hogarth Artwork colouring: Ian Ramsden New artwork: Gillian Oliver Last's Anatomy Regional and Applied Twelfth Edition Chummy S. Sinnatamby FRCS Formerly: Head of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons of England Member of Court of Examiners, Royal College of Surgeons of England Examiner in Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Director of Studies in Anatomy, St Catharine's College and Hughes Hall, Cambridge External Examiner in Anatomy, University of Cambridge External Examiner in Anatomy, Trinity College, University of Dublin Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The right of Chummy S. Sinnatamby to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). First edition 1954 Second edition 1959 Third edition 1963 Fourth edition 1966 Fifth edition 1972 Sixth edition 1978 Seventh edition 1984 Eighth edition 1990 Ninth edition 1994 Tenth edition 1999 Eleventh edition 2006 Twelfth edition 2011 ISBN 978 0 7020 3395 7 International ISBN 978 0 7020 3394 0 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library