Journal! of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 106-120 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPERORMOTHS AND HAWKMOTHS OF SANJAY GANDHINATIONALPARK, BORIVLI, MUMBAI (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAEAND SPHINGIDAE)1 V. Shubhalaxmi andNaresh Chaturvedi2 'Accepted January 2003 2Bombay Natural History Society, Hombill House, S.B, SinghRoad, Mumbai400023,Maharashtra, India. Email:[email protected] Ecological studies were conductedon the moths ofSanjayGandhi National Park, with special referenceto the Families Satumiidae and Sphingidae. Three species ofEmperor moths and 32 species ofHawkmoths were recorded, ofthesethe lifehistoriesof26 specieswere studied(3 Saturnids,23 Sphingids). ForFamily Saturniidae, 10 new larval food plants have been addedto the 80 known species for2 Emperormoths. For FamilySphingidae,33 newlarval foodplantshavebeenaddedtothe 111 knownspeciesfor20 Hawkmoths. A briefoverview ofthe larval food plants in terms ofpreferences, abundance and resource sharing are covered in this paper. Keywords: Satumiidae, Sphingidae,Emperormoths,Hawkmoths, Saturnids, Sphingids,larvalfoodplants, specialists, generalists, indicator species INTRODUCTION and Eri moths are known for silk production and are commerciallyexploitedbythesilkindustry. Ecological studieson themothsofSanjayGandhi National Park(SGNP), Mumbai,with special reference Hawkmoths: Family Sphingidae toFamilies Satumiidaeand Sphingidae,wereconducted Sphingidsarealsoknownas Sphinxmothsforthe from 1993 to 2001. Three species of Emperor moths sphinx-like posture adopted by the caterpillars when and 32 species of Hawkmoths were recorded. SGNP threatened. Theyarebestknown fortheirlongmigratory is a unique national park, in that it is surrounded by a flight; some have even been encountered at mid-sea metropolis like Mumbai. It is constantly under heavy (Kehimkar 1997). The stout, cigar-shaped body and bioticpressurefrom humans. ThisNational Park lies in long, narrowforewingsoftheadultaredistinctive. The the WesternGhats, acrucial areawith rich biodiversity. long proboscis makes Hawkmoths ideal pollinators Though most of the flora and fauna have been well for flowers which have a longtubular corolla (Barlow documented,very1ittlewasknownabouttheinsectfauna 1982). of the Park. An ecological study of the moths was initiated, forwhich the Families Satumiidae (Emperor STUDYAREA moths) and Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) were selected. Ecological data on the moths ofMaharashtra region is The c. 103 sq. km area of SGNP is spread scanty, and there are many lacunae in the information over the Greater Bombay (44.50 sq. km) and Thane ontheirlifehistories, includinglarvalfoodplants,which (58.64 sq. km) districts of Maharashtra State. It is vary fordifferent habitats. Thus, a food plant recorded situated c. 40 km north of Mumbai city and c. 8 km foraparticularmoth species in southern Indiamaydiffer from the Arabian Sea. The Park has four types of from that found in western India (e.g. Carissa habitats ranging from mangroves to evergreen forests carandas). Detailed life histories of 3 Saturnids and ofthe Western Ghats. Most ofthe trees are deciduous, 23 Sphingidswere successfully recorded. and someevergreen. Theforesthasdiversefloraranging from tall trees to shrubs and herbs. Emperor Moths: Family Saturniidae Apart from SGNP, the study was also carried out Saturnids are known as Emperor moths or non- ontheadjoining 1.5 sq. km landofthe BombayNatural mulberrysilkmoths(AroraandGupta 1979). The largest History Society (BNHS) adjacentto the Goregaon end moth in Asia is a Saturnid, the Atlas moth, with a of the Park. The vegetation on the BNHS land is wingspan of 29 cm. Besides their size and exuberant southern moist-mixeddeciduousandthetopography is beauty,theyarealsoknown fortheirnon-feedingadults mainly hilly, intersected with rocky streambeds of and gregarious caterpillars. Others, like Tasar, Muga seasonal rain-fed streams (Patil 1993). LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHS AND HAWKMOTHS OF SGNP METHODOLOGY Simaroubaceae,Staphyleaceae,Symplocaceae,Theaceae, Umbelliferae, Verbenaceae, Vitidaceae and To study the larval food plants, moth caterpillars Xanthophyllaceae. found inthewild were rearedon identified food plants. Sphingidsarealsogeneraliststosomeextent.Earlier In the case of generalist (polyphagous) species, the workers, such as Scott (1933) recorded food plants for preference levels were also observed. The scattered 124 species ofSphingids, which covera wide range of data on known larval food plants was compiled. 58 families of plants extending from Dilleniaceae to Vegetationanalysisofthe larval foodplants inthestudy Gramineae. Family Rubiaceae is the most preferred, areawasconductedduringtwoperiods,monsoon(July) withabout30speciesfeedingon it, followedbyVitaceae and non-monsoon (March). The main objectives were: and Araceae with 16 species. Further, Beeson (1941) (i) To assessthe abundance oflarval food plants in the addedthataltogether60familiesrangingfrom largetrees studyareaintermsofavailabilityforcaterpillars,(ii)To to herbs and even grasses are larval food plants of gradethefood plantsas ‘verycommon’, ‘common’ and Sphingids. ‘notcommon’ accordingto their relative abundance. The study recorded 15 larval food plants for 3 Saturnidsand44 for23 Sphingids. Since4 larval food HOST-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS plant species were common to both, the total number recorded was 55 plant species belongingto24 families. AccordingtoScott(1933),thedistributionofmoths Ofthese, 37 larval food plants from 17 families were and the number of individuals of any species in any new records for 22 moth species (2 Saturnids and 20 locality, isintimatelyconnectedwiththeirchoiceoffood Sphingids). plants, thus the disappearance of a plant may lead to the disappearance of a species feeding on it. Hence, PROFILEOF LARVAL FOOD PLANTS thefoodplantscouldbeconsideredas indicatorspecies. According to Speight and Wain House (1989), plants The diversity oflarval food plants in terms ofthe thatareabundantandwidelydistributedhostmoreinsect type(tree, shruborherb),habit(deciduousorevergreen) speciesthan plants with restricted distribution. Hence, andseasonality(perennial orseasonal)isdiscussedhere. insect diversity can be broadly predicted from the Itwasobservedthattreeswerethe mostdominanttype, abundanceofaparticularplantspecies. Thisassociation followedbyshrubsandclimbers,whileherbswerepoorly indicates that insects and plants have co-evolved in represented(Fig. 1). 78%ofthe larval foodplantswere nature. Moreover, host plant selection is governed perennial and 22%wereseasonal. Amongtheperennial primarilybychemoreception,therefore,theemergence larval food plants, 46% were deciduous and 32% were ofspecific insect/hostplantrelationships is mostlikely evergreen. to have resulted from evolutionary changes in the For Saturnids, 15 tree species were identified as insects’ chemosensory systems. According to Jenny larval food plants, ofwhich 73% were deciduous and (1984), adaptation tothe nutritional quality ofthe new 27% were evergreen. For Sphingids, 44 plant species host plant is a secondary process. were identified, ofwhich 41% were trees, 30% shrubs, Some moth species are specialist (monophagous), 20% climbers and 9% herbs. Among the trees, 39% i.e.theylayeggsonasingleplantspeciesonly,whileothers are generalist (polyphagous), i.e. they lay eggs on more than one plant species. Saturnid species tend to be generalists.IntheOrientalregion,theyhavebeenrecorded tofeedonthefollowing52plantfamilies: Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Barringtoniaceae, Berberidaceae, Betulaceae, Bischofiaceae, Burseraceae, Caricaceae, Combretaceae, Coriariaceae, Corylaceae, Cyperaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Dilleniaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Labiatae,Lauraceae,Leeaceae, Leguminosae,Lythraceae, Magnoliaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moringaceae, Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Naucleaceae, Oleaceae, Oxalidaceae, Palmae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 107 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHSAND HAWKMOTHS OF SGNP 108 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 . LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHS AND HAWKMOTHS OF SGNP VitaceaeAcanthaceae speciessupporting8 speciesofSphingidsand 1 Saturnid Sc,lercul,iace—aTeil2ia%ceae 51% _40/ rAnaca2rd%Aipaocceyaenaceae (see Fig. 2). 4% RESOURCESHARING Araceae 4% Balsaminaceae 2% Resourcesharing, i.e. utilizationoflarvalfoodplants bythemothspecies isdescribedhere. FromTable 1 itcan be concluded that of the 24 plant families foraged by Saturniidaeand Sphingidae(subfamilies Sphinginaeand Macroglossinae), 10 familieswereforagedbySaturniidae (3 species) while 16 plant families were foraged by subfamily Sphinginae (9 species) and 23 by Nyctag2i%naceae Convolvulaceae Macroglossinae(14 species).BothSatumidsandSphingids Lythraceae 9% shared four plant families, Apocynaceae, Bombacaceae, 4°/oLee4a%ceae Fabaceae EuphorbiaceDaieosco2r%eaceae Boraginaceae and Rubiaceae. The data showed that 7% 2% Sphingids utilized 81% ofthe resources, while Satumids used only 19%. Among the subfamilies of Sphingids, Fig. 2: Families of larval food plants Macroglossinaeaccountedfor48%, andSphinginae33%. were deciduous, 34% evergreen and 27% annuals LARVALFOODPLANTPREFERENCES including climbers and herbs. The list ofall recorded larval food plants along with their families and moth MostoftheSaturnidandSphingidcaterpillarswere species is given in Table 1 generalist feeders, but a few species behaved like It can be summarised from Table 1 that of the specialistfeeders, inthattheyfed onlyononehostplant, listed24 plantfamiliesoflarval foodplants: despitetheavailabilityoftheirknown food plants inthe • 11 familieshad onlyonehostplantspecies area. Such speciesaretermed as ‘actingspecialist' here, • 7 families had 2 species and there were two categories among them: • 3 families had 4 species 1. Moth species that preferred to lay eggs on a • 3 familieshad 3, 5 and 10 species respectively. single larval food plant, ignoringthe otherknown food Family Rubiaceae was the largest, with 10 plant plants found in the study area. Table 2: List of Generalist and Specialist Species Generalist Species Specialist Species Acting Specialist Species FamilySaturniidae 1. Attacusatlas 1. Actias selene None 2. Antheraea paphia FamilySphingidae SubfamilySphinginae 1. Agrius convolvuli None 1. Marumba indicus 2 Acherontia lachesis 3. Psilogramma menephron 4. Claris phalaris 5. Polyptychus dentatus 6. Marumba dyras SubfamilyMacroglossinae 1. Cephanodes hylas 1 Macroglossum gyrans 1 Nephele hespera 2 Daphnis nerii 2. Macroglossum particolor 2. Neogurelca hyas 3. Macroglossum belis 3. Macroglossum sitiene 3 Hippotion boerhaviae 4. Theretra alecto 4 Theretra nessus 5. Theretra clotho 6. Theretra lycetus 7. Theretra oldenlandiae 8. Theretra castanea 9. Pergesa acteus J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 109 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHS AND HAWKMOTHSOF SGNP 2. Moth specieswhose preferred larval food plant 2. Tasar Silk Moth is notdocumented from the study area, and isobserved Antheraea papftia Hubner 1818 feeding on a single allied species. Nephele hespera is KFP: 38, RFP: 10, NR: 05 the single example in this category. Apocynaceae Among Saturnids, 2 species were generalist and 1. Carissa congesta Wt.: Evergreen shrub. one was an acting specialist, while in Sphingids, Common, 02, Less preferred, New record. 15 species were generalist, 3 were specialists and 5 Bombacaceae were acting specialist (Table 2). 2. BombaxceibaLinn: Deciduoustree,Common, Detailsofindividual moth species,alongwiththeir 01, Less Preferred. larval food plants, have been discussed here. In caseof Burseraceae a generalist moth species, the food preferences levels 3. Garuga pinnata Roxb.: Deciduous tree, were given as ‘Most preferred’, ‘Preferred’ and ‘Less Common, 03, Less Preferred. preferred’. The plant preference was assessed from Conibretaceae the number of caterpillars observed feeding on it. A 4. Anogeissus latifolia (DC) Wall, ex Bedd.: compiled list of known food plants, recorded plants Deciduous tree,Notcommon, 01, Less preferred,New andnew larval foodplantsalongwith theirmoth species record. is given in Table 3. Some exotic plant species present 5. Terminalia catappa Linn.: Deciduous tree, on the fringes ofthe study area were seen to be hosts planted inside the study area, 15, Most Preferred. for a few moth species. Additionally, 2 larval food 6. Terminalia bellerica Roxb.: Deciduous tree, plants, Arisaema murrayi and Pavetta crassicaulis Not Common, 05, Preferred. mentioned in Table 3 were found outside the study 7. Terminalia crenulata Roth.: Deciduous tree. area(150-350 km away) on the hills ofMahableshwar Not common, 03, Preferred, New record. and Malshej Ghat. Such plants are marked with an Euphorbiaceae asterisk. 8. Brideliaretusa(Linn.) Spreng: Deciduoustree. Undereach moth species,the followingdetailsof Not common, 02, Less Preferred, New Record. the larval food plant has been given: Rhamnaceae KFP =NumberofKnown food plants, 9. Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.: Evergreen tree. RFP = Number ofRecorded food plants, Not common, 12, Most Preferred. NR = New records. 10. Zizyphus rugosa Lamk.: Evergreen tree, Not Further, undereachplantfamily,detailshavebeen common, 01, Less Preferred, New Record. g1.iven in followingformat: Type ofplant, status ofplant in the study area, 3. Atlas Moth Attacus atlas Linnaeus 1766 Number ofcaterpillars reared on the plant and KFP: 19, RFP: 04, NR: 04. Pre1f.erence level ofcaterpillars (onlyfor generalist Apocynaceae species) 1. Holarrhena antidysenterica: Deciduous tree, Whether the larval food plant recorded during the Not common, 03, Preferred, New Record. study was a new record. Lythraceae *2. Lagerstroemia speciosa Retz.: Deciduous FAMILY SATURNIIDAE tree.Notfound insidethestudyarea, 12, MostPreferred, AsrecodedbyHampson(1896), Fellowes-Manson New Record. (1920), Beeson (1941), Arora and Gupta (1979), 3. Lagerstroemia lanceolata Wall: Deciduous Barlow and D’Abrera (1982), and Chaturvedi (1999), tree, Not common, 2, Less Preferred, New Record. there are 80 known larval food plants for 3 Saturnids, Rubiaceae which have been now updated to 90. Details of 4. Mitragynaparvifolia (Roxb.) Korth: Evergreen the larval food plants is mentioned under each tree. Common, 05, Less Preferred, New Record. species: FAMILY SPHINGIDAE Indian Moon Moth As per Hampson (1896), Scott (1933, 1983), Actias selene Hubner 1816 Beeson (1941), Barlow and D’Abrera (1982) and KFP: 27, RFP: 01, NR: 0 Smetacek (1994) there were 111 known food plants, Anacardiaceae which have now increased to 144. Details of the Lannea coromandelica (Floutt.) Merr.: larval food plants have been mentioned under each Deciduous tree. Not Common, 05. species. 110 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHS AND HAWKMOTHS OF SGNP 1. Convolvulus Hawkmoth 4. Shorthorn Sphinx Clonisphalaris Cramer 1777 Agrius convolvuli Linnaeus 1758 KFP: 08, RFP: 04,NR: 03. 1. KFP: 06, RFP: 05, NR: 05. Fabaceae Convolvulaceae 1. Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb.) DC.: Deciduous Ipomoea sinensis (Des.) Choicy: Annual climber, Not common, 10, Most Preferred, New climber, Not common, 01, Less preferred, New Record. Record. 2. DcilbergialanceolariciLinn.f.: Deciduoustree. *2.IpomoeacairicaLinn.: Perennial climber,Not Not common, 02, Preferred, New Record. found inside the study area, 05, Most Preferred, New 3. DalbergiaJatifolia Roxb.: Deciduoustree,Not Record. common, 02, Preferred, New Record. *3. Ipomoea carnea Jacq.: Evergreen shrub, 4. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.: Deciduous Common outside the study area, 02, Preferred, New tree, Not common, 01, Less Preferred. Record. *4. Ipomoea aqnatica Forsk.: Evergreen runner, 5. Dentate Grey Sphinx Common outside the study area, 02, Less Preferred, Polyptychits dentatus Cramer 1777 New Record. KFP: 02, RFP: 02, NR: 01. 5. Ipomoea hederacea (Jacq.): Annual climber, Bombacaceae common, 01, Less preferred, New Record. 1.BombaxceibaLinn.: Deciduoustree,Common, 01, Less Preferred, New Record. 2. Dark Death’s Head Hawkmoth Boraginaceae Acherontia lacbesis Fabricius 1798 1. Cordia dichotoma Forst. F: Deciduous tree, KFP: 25, RFP: 07, NR: 06. Not common, 08, Most preferred. Acanthaceae 1. BarleriaprionitisLinn.: Annual herb,Common, 6. Spotted Marumba Marumba dyras Walker 1856 02, Preferred, New Record. KFP: 10, RFP: 5, NR: 03. 2. Carvia callosa Annual shrub. Common, 01, Bombacaceae : Less preferred. New Record. 1. BombaxceibaLinn.: Deciduoustree.Common, Boraginaceae 10, Most Preferred. 3. Cordia dichotoma Forst. f Deciduous tree. Euphorbiaceae : Not common, 01, Less preferred, New Record. 2. BrideIiaretusa(L'mn.)Spreng.: Deciduoustree. Convolvulaceae Not common, 02, Less Preferred, New Record. *4. Ipomoea carnea Jacq.: Evergreen shrub, Sterculiaceae Common outside the study area, 01, Less Preferred, 3. Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R.Br.: Deciduous New Record. tree. Not common, 50, Most Preferred, New Record. *5. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.: Evergreen runner, 4. Helicteres isora Linn.: Deciduous shrub. Very Common outside the study area, 01, Less Preferred, common, 10, Most Preferred. New Record. Tiliaceae Oleaceae 5. Grewiainequalis Bl.: Deciduoustree,Common, *6. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.: Deciduous 04, Less Preferred, New Record. shrub,Commonoutsidethestudyarea,0 LessPreferred. 1, Solanaceae 7. Brown Tip Marumba 7. Solanum violaceum Ortega: Deciduous shrub. Marumba indicus Walker 1856 Not common, 01, Less Preferred, New Record. KFP: 05, RFP: 01, NR: 01. Sterculiaceae 3. Dark Psilogramma 1. Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br.: Deciduous Psilogramma ntenep/iron Cramer 1780 tree.Notcommon, 25 (caterpillarsrearedatatimefrom KFP: 14, RFP: 02, NR: 01. an egg clutch), New Record. Bignoniaceae 1. Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent.: Deciduous 8. Coffee Bee Hawkmoth tree, Not common, 01, Less preferred. New Record. Cephanodes hylas hylas Linnaeus 1771 2. *Spathodea campanulata Beauv.: Evergreen KFP: 13, RFP: 08,NR: 05. tree. Common outside the study area, 01, Less Rubiaceae preferred. 1. Catunaregam spinarum (L.) Tiruveng: J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 111 . . LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHSAND HAWKMOTHSOF SGNP Evergreen shrub, Not common, 02, Less Preferred. 14. Large Hummingbird Moth 2. Gardenia lucida Roxb.: Evergreen tree , Not Macroglossum belis Linnaeus 1758 common, 03, Most Preferred, New Record. KFP: 04, RFP: 02,NR: 02. 3. *Gardenia florida Linn.: Evergreen shrub, Rubiaceae Common outside the study area, 05, Most Preferred. 1 . Morinda tinctoria var. tomentosa Roxb.: 4. Haldinacordifo!ia(Roxb.)Ridsdale: Evergreen Evergreen tree, Common, 04, Most preferred, New tree. Not common, 02, Less Preferred. Record. 5. Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.: 2. Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb.: Evergreen Evergreentree.Notcommon, 03, Most Preferred,New tree, Not found in the study area, 03, Less preferred, Record. New Record. 6. Mitragynaparvifolia(Roxb.) Korth.: Evergreen tree. Common, 03, Most Preferred, New Record. 15. Yellow Banded Hummingbird Moth 7. *Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek.: Deciduous Macroglossum sitiene Walker 1856 tree, Not common, 01, Less Preferred, New Record. KFP: 01, RFP: 01,NR: 01. 8.2.Pavetta siphonantha Dalz.: Deciduous tree, Rubiaceae Not common, 01, Less Preferred. 1. Morinda tinctoria var. tomentosa Roxb.: Evergreen tree. Common, 02. 9. Oleander Hawkmoth Dapltnis nerii Linnaeus 1758 16. Hogweed Hawkmoth KFP: 05, RFP: 02,NR: 01. Hippotion boerltaviae Fabricius 1775 Apocynaceae KFP: 06, REP: 01, NR: 0. *1. Alstoniascholaris R.Br.: Evergreen tree, Not Nyctaginaceae found inthestudyarea,0 Lesspreferred,NewRecord. 1. Boerhavia diffusa Linn.: Annual herb, Not 1, Tabernaemontana coronaria Wild.: Perennial common,01 shrub,Notfound insidethestudyarea,06,MostPreferred. 17. Large Yam Hawkmoth 10. Carissa Hawkmoth Theretra nessus Drury 1773 Nephele hespera Fabricius 1775 KFP: 05, RFP: 01,NR: 01. KFP: 01, RFP: 01,NR: 01. Dioscoreaceae Apocynaceae 1. Dioscorea hispida Dennst.: Annual herb. Not 1. Carissa congesta Wt.: Evergreen shrub, common, 01, New Record. Common, 16, New Record. 18. Grapevine Black Hawkmoth 11. Turntail Hawkmoth Tlieretra clotho clotho Drury 1773 Neogurelca hyas Walker 1856 KFP: 05, RFP: 05, NR: 05. KFP: 03, RFP: 01, NR: 0. Araceae Rubiaceae Amorphophalluscommutatus(Schott.)Engler: 1 . 1. Morinda tinctoria var. tomentosa Roxb.: Annual herb, Common, 01, Less Preferred, New Evergreen tree. Common, 05. Record. Leeaceae 12. Little Hummingbird Moth 2. Leea asiatica (Linn.) Ridsdale: Annual herb, Macroglossum gyrans Walker 1856 Very common, 02, Preferred, New Record. KFP: 01, RFP: 01, NR: 0. Vitaceae Rubiaceae 3 Ampelocissuslatifolia(Roxb.)Planch.: Annual . 1. Morinda tinctoria var. tomentosa Roxb.: climber.Verycommon,05,Mostpreferred,NewRecord. Evergreen tree. Common, 31 4. Cayratia triflora (Linn.) Domin: Annual climber.Notcommon,01, Lesspreferred.NewRecord. 13. Hourglass Hummingbird Moth 5. Cissus elongata Roxb.: Annual climber, Not MacroglossumparticolorRothschild & Jordan 1903 common, 02, Preferred, New Record. KFP: 01, RFP: 01, NR: 0. Rubiaceae 19. Levant Hawkmoth 1. Morinda tinctoria var. tomentosa Roxb.: Theretra alecto alecto Linnaeus 1758 Evergreen tree, Common, 02. KFP: 06, RFP: 02, NR: 02. 112 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHS AND HAWKMQTHS OF SGNP J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 113 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHS AND HAWKMOTHS OF SGNP J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS OF EMPEROR MOTHS AND HAWKMOTHSOF SGNP (contd.) Plants Food Larval of List 3: Table J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (1), Jan.-Apr. 2004 115