LARGE ANIMAL MEDICINE VETERINARY FOR TECHNICIANS EDITED BY LAURA LIEN, SUE LOLY AND SHERYL FERGUSON Large Animal Medicine HHaallffTTiittllee for Veterinary Technicians Large Animal Medicine TTiittllee for Veterinary Technicians Edited by AAuutthhoorr Laura Lien, MS, CVT, VTS (LAIM) AAuutthhoorr AAfffifi lliiaattiioonnss Instructional Laboratory Planner Madison Area Technical College Madison, WI Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN) Large Animal Hospital Technical Supervisor University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center St. Paul, MN Sheryl Ferguson, CVT, VTS (LAIM) Large Animal Hospital Manager University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center St. Paul, MN This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Large animal medicine for veterinary technicians / [edited by] Laura Lien, Sue Loly, Sheryl Ferguson. 1 online resource. Includes index. Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed. ISBN 978-1-118-76722-1 (Adobe PDF) – ISBN 978-1-118-76725-2 (ePub) – ISBN 978-1-118-34671-6 (pbk.) 1. Veterinary medicine. I. Lien, Laura, editor of compilation. II. Loly, Sue, editor of compilation. III. Ferguson, Sheryl, editor of compilation. [DNLM: 1. Veterinary Medicine–methods. 2. Animal Diseases. 3. Animal Technicians. 4. Horses. 5. Ruminants. 6. Swine. SF 745] SF745 636.089–dc23 2013045868 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover design by Maggie Voss and Andy Meaden Set in 10/12pt Sabon LT Std by Aptara® Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2014 Contents Contributors ix Basic Behavior of Large Animals 39 Preface xi Small Ruminant Restraint 41 Abbreviations xii Camelid Restraint 45 About the Companion Website xiv Bovine Restraint 48 Equine Restraint 54 Chapter 1 Swine Restraint 61 References 62 Hospital Biosecurity 1 Chapter 3 Leslie Hiber Introduction 2 History 65 Cycle of Infection 2 Stacie K. Seymour Transmission 4 Patient Placement in the Hospital 7 Introduction 65 Proper Gowning Techniques 10 Ruminants 68 Hand Hygiene 13 Camelids 70 Disinfection and Sterilization 15 Equine 70 Hospital Management 19 Porcine 73 Infection Control Programs 20 Multiple Species Management 75 Surveillance 22 References 75 Multidrug Resistant Organisms, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus sp., and Zoonotic Diseases 23 Chapter 4 Zoonotic Diseases 24 Summary 24 Physical Exam 77 References 24 Scott R. R. Haskell, Bonnie L. Loghry, Carrie J. Finno, Kristen Wegner, Jamie DeFazio, William Gilsenan, Chapter 2 Amy L. Johnson Restraint 29 Introduction 78 Food Animal Physical Exam 80 Ann Elizabeth Goplen, Sergio Gonzales, Sheryl Equine Physical Exam 89 Ferguson, Darcy DeCrescenza, Laura Lien The Equine Pain Score 98 Introduction 30 Summary 103 Knots 30 References 103 v vi Contents Chapter 5 Transtracheal Wash 215 References 216 Nutrition 107 Chapter 8 Kara M. Burns Introduction 107 Medical Imaging 221 Equine Nutrition 110 Myra F. Barrett, Kurt Selberg, Sheryl Ferguson, Cattle Nutrition 125 Joann Slack, Susan Steward Camelid Nutrition 126 Sheep and Goat Nutrition 127 Introduction 222 Swine Nutrition 136 Safety and Quality 222 Summary 141 Radiography 222 References 141 Nuclear Scintigraphy 245 Ultrasonography 248 Chapter 6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 255 Computed Tomography 256 Clinical Procedures 145 References 258 Annette M. McCoy, Erica McKenzie, Sue Loly Chapter 9 Introduction 146 Venous Catheterization 146 Reproduction 261 Arterial Catheterization 149 Urinary Catheterization 150 Harry Momont, Celina M. Checura Tracheostomy 151 Introduction 261 Blood Products and Administration 153 Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction 262 Medication Administration 155 Clinical Examination of the Male and Fluid Administration 162 Female for Breeding Soundness 269 Intraosseous Administration 165 Reproductive Disorders 273 Nasogastric and Orogastric Intubation 166 Reproductive Management 274 Transfaunation 169 References 277 Ongoing Monitoring 170 Nursing Care for the Recumbent Patient 171 Chapter 10 Dentistry 176 References 177 Neonatology 279 Chapter 7 Laura Lien Diagnostic Procedures 181 Introduction 279 Perinatal Period 280 Sue Loly, Joann Slack, Laura Lien, Rolf B. Modesto, Neonatal Infections 282 Sheryl Ferguson Premature Neonates 285 Introduction 182 Nursing Care 288 Abdominocentesis 182 References 292 Arthrocentesis 184 Bronchiolar Alveolar Lavage (BAL) 185 Chapter 11 Biopsies 186 Cerebral Spinal Fluid Tap (CSF) 193 Diseases 295 Coagulation Studies 195 Fernando J. Marqués, William Gilsenan, Amy L. Dermatology 197 Johnson, Shirley Sandoval, Sian Durward-Akhurst, Electrocardiogram 199 Stephanie Rutten-Ramos, Sue Loly, Heather Hopkinson Endoscopy 209 Milk Cultures 212 Disease 295 Thoracocentesis 213 Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP) 296 Contents vii Acute Hypocalcemia (Milk fever) 297 Entropion 339 Anaplamosis 297 Erysipelas 340 Anemia 298 Escherichia coli 341 Anterior Uveitis 299 Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (ER; a.k.a., Anthrax 300 Monday Morning Disease, azoturia, Ascaridiasis 302 Equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome, Atrophic Rhinitis 302 tying-up, chronic exertional Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (a.k.a., Red Water rhabdomyolysis) 342 Disease, clostridial hepatitis) 303 Fescue Toxicity 343 Blackleg 304 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) 344 Bloat (Ruminal tympany) 305 Foot Rot 345 Blue Tongue (a.k.a., BTV, Catarral Fever) 306 Grass Tetany 345 Botulism 307 Guttural Pouch Empyema 346 Bovine Coronavirus (BCV) 309 Guttural Pouch Mycosis 347 Bovine Herpes Virus 1 Infection (Infectious Haemophilus parasuis (Glässer’s Disease) 348 Bovine Rhinotracheitis [IBR]) 309 Head Trauma 348 Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV); Adult Hepatic Encephalopathy 350 Lymphosarcoma 310 Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever) 351 Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS) 311 Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) 351 Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) 312 Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Brucellosis 314 (IBK, “Pink eye”) 353 Calf Scours 314 Influenza 354 Campylobacteriosis 315 Iodine Deficiency 354 Cancer Eye Ocular Squamous Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) 355 Cell Carcinoma (SCC) 316 Ketosis 356 Candidiasis (Thrush) 317 Laminitis 357 Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) 317 Leptospirosis 358 Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy Lice 359 (CVSM, a.k.a., Wobbler’s Syndrome) 318 Leukoencephalomalacia Choke 320 (Moldy Corn Disease) 360 Chorioptic Mange 321 Listeriosis 361 Clostridium perfringens Diarrhea 322 Lumpy Jaw (Actinomycosis) 362 Coccidiosis 323 Malignant Hyperthermia (Porcine Stress Colitis 324 Syndrome) 363 Contagious Ecthyma (a.k.a., Orf, SoreMouth) 325 Mastitis 364 Corneal Ulceration 325 Melanoma 365 Demodectic Mange, Demodicosis 326 Neosporosis 366 Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) 327 Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Digital Dermatitis (Hairy heel wart, (OPP), Maedi 367 Papillomatous digital dermatitis, Parelaphostrongylosis 367 Mortellaro’s disease) 328 Pasteurella Pneumonia 368 Eperythrozoonosis 329 Phenylbutazone Toxicity 369 Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy Polioencephalomalacia 370 (EDM) 330 Polyneuritis Equi (Cauda Equina Neuritis) 371 Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome 331 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy (a.k.a., PSSM, EPSM, EPSSM) 372 (EHM) 332 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) 334 Syndrome (PRRS) 373 Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND) 335 Potomac Horse Fever (a.k.a., Equine Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) 336 Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, Equine Ehrlichial Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) 337 Colitis, Ditch fever, PHF) 374 Equine Viral Encephalitides (EEE, WEE, VEE) 338 Precocious Udder (Inappropriate Lactation) 375 viii Contents Pseudorabies (PRV, Aujeszky’s disease) 376 Swine Influenza 389 Psoroptic Mange (Common Sheep Scab) 376 Tetanus 389 Pulpy Kidney Disease (Type D enterotoxemia, Trichomoniasis 391 overeating disease) 377 Ulcerative Dermatosis 391 Q Fever 378 Urolithiasis 392 Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO, a.k.a., Vesicular Stomatitis 394 heaves or chronic obstructive Warts (Cutaneous papillomas) 395 pulmonary disease) 379 West Nile Virus Infection (WNV) 395 Rabies 380 White Muscle Disease 397 Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) 381 Wooden Tongue (Actinobacilosis) 397 Salmonellosis 382 References 398 Sarcoptic Mange 383 Scrapie 384 Multiple Choice Questions Answer Bank 405 Septic Arthritis 385 “Test Your Learning” Answer Bank 411 Sheep and Goat Pox 385 Glossary of Terms 419 Strangles 386 Index 427 Streptococcal Infections 388