Stanley D. Brunn Roland Kehrein   Editors Language, Society and the State in a Changing World Language, Society and the State in a Changing World Stanley D. Brunn • Roland Kehrein Editors Language, Society and the State in a Changing World Editors Stanley D. Brunn Roland Kehrein Department of Geography Research Centre Deutscher Sprachatlas University of Kentucky Marburg University Lexington, KY, USA Marburg, Hessen, Germany ISBN 978-3-031-18145-0 ISBN 978-3-031-18146-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18146-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part 1 Mapping Language Landscapes ............................................................... 1 1. A Typology for Evaluating Language Maps ................................................... 3 Adam Stone and Erik Anonby 2. Issues in Classifying and Mapping the Semitic Languages of Ethiopia ...... 33 Tekabe Legesse Feleke 3. Exploring the Linguistic Landscape of Cities Through Crowdsourced Data ............................................................................................. 87 Christoph Purschke 4. Changing Attitudes of Beijingness to Westernized Place Names in Beijing: From the Semi-Colonial Period to Postmodern Twenty-First Century ........................................................................................ 113 Shangyi Zhou 5. Thematic Categories for Place Names: Topology Typology ...................... 135 Lisa M. Butler Harrington Part 2 Language, Culture and Politics ............................................................. 155 6. Palestine’s Land Centrality and the Instrumentality of Historical Language ...................................................................................... 157 Seif Da’Na and Laura Khoury 7. The State of Languages in South Africa ...................................................... 169 Cecil Seethal 8. Languages and Language Politics in the Paraguayan Chaco .................... 187 John Elliott and Raina Heaton 9. Reimaging the Art Scene in George Town, Penang .................................... 215 Teresa Wai See Ong v vi C ontents 10. Exploring Climate Change Through the Language of Art ...................... 237 Laurie Brinklow, Rilla Marshall, and Brenda Whiteway Part 3 The Functions of Language on a Local and a Global Scale ................ 271 11. Preservation of Magahi Language in India: Contemporary Developments ..................................................................................................... 273 Ram Nandan Prasad Sinha 12. Learning Indigenous Languages in Buenos Aires, Argentina ................. 293 Lauren E. Deal 13. Reclaiming Transformation for Inclusive and Multilingual Education through Linguistic Landscape (LL) in South Africa and Malaysia ...................................................................................................... 307 Michael M. Kretzer and Teresa Wai See Ong 14. Dialect Diversity and Migration: Disturbances and Dilemmas, Perspectives from Norway ................................................................................ 337 Unn Røyneland and Elizabeth Lanza 15. Rise of English as Business Lingua Franca at the Turn of the Century: An Overview ............................................................................ 357 Maganat Shegebayev 16. English and Bivalent Class Indexicality in Buenos Aires, Argentina ............................................................................................................ 367 Mary-Caitlyn Valentinsson 17. The Nature of Gender Relations: The Changing Language of Gender amid Anthropogenic Climate Change in Amazonian Peru .......... 385 Jennifer C. Langill Part 1 Mapping Language Landscapes A Typology for Evaluating Language Maps Adam Stone and Erik Anonby Contents Introduction....................................................................................... 2 LanguageMapping:FoundationsandDevelopments........................................... 5 CriticalReflectiononLanguageMapping....................................................... 6 TowardaToolforUnderstandingLanguageMaps.............................................. 8 PresentingtheEvaluativeLanguageMappingTypology(ELM-T)............................. 11 DiscussionandConclusion....................................................................... 22 References........................................................................................ 24 Abstract Languageisacomplexsocialphenomenon,anditsspatialcharacteristicscanbe efficiently and powerfully represented through maps. Although language maps arewidespread,therehasuntilrecentlybeenlittlereflectionontheactoflanguage mapping,andthisdomaincontinuestolackcoherence.Thisarticleproposesand delineates an evaluative language mapping typology. Using open-ended ques- tions, this tool facilitates analysis and description of key aspects of language maps: technical set-up, context and theme, language map type, data, visualiza- tions and representational strategies, and overall impact. The fine-grained SupplementaryInformation:Theonlineversioncontainssupplementarymaterialavailableat https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_235-1. A.Stone UniversityofVictoria,Victoria,BC,Canada GeomaticsandCartographicResearchCentre(GCRC),CarletonUniversity,Ottawa,ON,Canada e-mail:[email protected] E.Anonby(*) DepartmentofFrenchandSchoolofLinguisticsandLanguageStudies(SLaLS),Carleton University,Ottawa,ON,Canada e-mail:[email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 3 S. D. Brunn, R. Kehrein (eds.), Language, Society and the State in a Changing World, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18146-7_1 4 A.StoneandE.Anonby evaluationachievedthroughthisprocessenablespeopletobuildlanguagemaps morereflectively. Keywords Languagemapping·Linguisticcartography·Linguisticmapping· Geolinguistics·Criticalcartography Introduction Language is central to what it means to be human. It anchors cognition, enables complexsystemsofcommunicativebehaviours,andservesasavehiclefordefining individual and social identities. It is an intangible aspect of human experience, embodiedandconstantlyshiftingintimeandspace. Maps are powerful tools for communicating how languages exist within this space. Butthiscommunicativestrength oftenrequiresthesacrificeofimportantdetails (Monmonier2005),andcartographicrepresentationsofthesamelanguagesituation canvarygreatly. As an example of this issue, Lewis (2013) points out that many language maps showIranasauniformlyPersian-speakingcountry.Thereare,however,severalkey maps ofIran’slanguages that provide a more sophisticated picture ofthe language situation: (cid:129) The foundational ethnic map of Iran in the Atlas Narodov Mira (Bruk and Apenchenko 1964), which has long been used as a surrogate for a map of the country’slanguages (cid:129) The CIA’s (1982) map, referring specifically to “ethnolinguistic groups,” which doesnotacknowledgeitssourcesbutisclearlybasedontheearlierRussianmap (andothersourcesbeknownstonlytoitself) (cid:129) The carefully cartographed but small-scale map of the Middle East in the Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (TAVO; Orywal 1988, 1991), a first major mapexplicitlydevotedtothelanguagesoftheregion (cid:129) Hourcadeetal.’s(2011,2012,2018)IrancartoandCartorientmapsoflanguage ineachofIran’sdistricts:theonlyonesbasedoncensusdata–albeitincomplete and problematic – and for which methods are clearly described and at least somewhatreproducible (cid:129) Izady’s(2006–2022)colourfulandperenniallyevolvinginfographsonthe“Lin- guisticCompositionofIran” In the Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI), Anonby, Taheri-Ardali et al. (2015–2022) provide fine-grained language distribution maps of several of the Iran’s provinces but have not yet produced a country-level map. Similarly, ATypologyforEvaluatingLanguageMaps 5 Fig. 1 Ethnologue’s “map” of Iran’s languages (Eberhard et al. 2021). (Source: https://www. ethnologue.com/country/IR/maps.©2021,SILInternational.ReproducedunderaFairUselicence forpurposesofcriticismandeducation) Ethnologue(Eberhardetal.2021),whichhaslanguagemapsforalmosteveryother countryoftheworld,doesnotattempttoproduceamapforIran(Fig.1). Even a cursory examination of the key maps listed above reveals profound differences among them.The numberoflanguagevarietiesshownonthemaps for Iran varies from 6 or 7 (Irancarto) to several dozen (TAVO and Izady). If Ethnologue’s 79 listed languages for Iran were mapped out, this would inevitably resultinamapofaverydifferentcomposition.Additionalissuesrecurringinthese mapsrelatetovariablerepresentationandperspective:differencesinthenamesused for language varieties, perhaps inevitable in the “translanguaging” forum of lan- guage maps; ambiguity regarding whether varieties are considered languages or dialects of larger languages; and differences in classification – which varieties are groupedtogetheraspartofeachlanguage,andthecriteriabywhichtheyaregrouped (Anonby et al. 2020). Finally, there are major differences in the geographic place- ment of languages: three of the maps (Atlas Narodov Mira, CIA, and Izady) show large Arabic-speaking areas in southern Iran, covering thousands of square kilometres, but in varying locations; one map series (Irancarto/Cartorient) shows muchsmallerareasofArabic;andonefurthermap(TAVO)showsnoArabicinthis regionatall.Thisvariabilitysuggestsatroublinglackofrigourinmethodologyor, in some cases, a simple lack of access to the sources of knowledge necessary for mappinglanguagesinIran. In short, the language situation in areas of focus such as Iran continues to be poorlyunderstoodandisrepresentedincontradictoryways.Geographicvariationin thedistributionoflinguisticstructuresinthisregionissimilarlylittleexplored,even now. It was in fact this state of affairs that led to the initiation of the Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI) research programme in 2009, as recounted in Anonby, Taheri-Ardali, and Hayes (2019). Language atlas projects for Iran have been attemptedsincethelate1950s,butnonehaveyetcometofruition.Ifanatlasproject were to succeed, one important starting point would be a thorough review of the