Radiography Review Flashcards D.A. Saia, MA, RT(R) (M) Director, Radiography Program Stamford Hospital Stamford, Connecticut New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Athens / London / Madrid Mexico City / Milan / New Delhi / Singapore / Sydney / Toronto Saia_FM_p00i-00x.indd 1 10/10/14 11:48 AM Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. 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This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface vii Section IV: Imaging Procedures 166 Acknowledgments ix 11: General Considerations 169 12: Extremities 180 Section I: Radiation Protection 1 13: Thorax 202 1: Biological Aspects of Radiation 1 14: Abdomen and GI Studies 212 2: Minimizing Patient Exposure 21 15: Spine and Pelvis 231 3: Personnel Protection 33 16: Head 248 4: Radiation Exposure and Monitoring 43 Section V: Patient Care and Education 257 Section II: Equipment Operation and 17: Ethical and Legal Aspects 257 Quality Control 57 18: Interpersonal Communication 262 5: Principles of Radiation Physics 57 19: Infection Control 266 6: Imaging Equipment 68 20: Physical Assistance and Transfer 276 7: Quality Control of Imaging 21: Medical Emergencies and Equipment and Accessories 99 Pharmacology 287 Section III: Image Acquisition and Bibliography 295 Evaluation 111 8: Selection of Technical Factors 111 9: Image Processing and Quality Assurance 133 10: Criteria for Image Evaluation 156 v Saia_FM_p00i-00x.indd 5 10/10/14 11:48 AM This page intentionally left blank Preface Preparing for tests, especially the ARRT certification examination can be a daunting prospect. There are many approaches to, and methods of, preparing and studying for tests. Students usually elect to use more than one method of study, based on their personal learning style. In classroom learning, the student prepares for each class by completing assignments and reviewing previous notes. Students use active listening skills, participate in discussion, and take effective and accurate notes. Learning with others, ie, collaborative learning, can be effective for groups of 3 to 5 students; larger groups often find it difficult to keep everyone involved. Small study groups are excellent for sharing ideas and helping each other grasp concepts. Discussing and explaining difficult concepts with/to others is an excellent way to reinforce your own knowledge. Probably the most common type of study is independent study. Well-planned and structured independent study can be very successful. The student should use a variety of resources best suited to their learning style and to the desired goal. Selection of study materials, planning, organization, and time management are essential. The student desiring effect of study should carefully consider the following questions: What time of day are my study efforts most effective? Have I scheduled uninterrupted study time for each day? Where can I study most effectively, free from unwanted distraction? What type of test am I preparing for (essay, multiple choice, practical, presentation, etc)? What resources will I use each time? Have I evaluated my strengths and weaknesses? How can I continue to reinforce my learning, even throughout the day? Studying well is half the battle How good a test taker am I: Do I get focused and stay focused? Do I read each question carefully, yet without “reading into” a question? Do I change my answers frequently—are they changed for the better or worse? vii Saia_FM_p00i-00x.indd 7 10/10/14 11:48 AM Flashcards are one simple and effective means of studying—since they can be carried with you, you can take advantage of every little study opportunity. The act of reviewing throughout the day, in unplanned little pockets of opportunity, is a very effective means of reinforcing your learning. These flashcards can be used to help prepare for tests in individual subjects throughout your educational program, and they are especially designed to help you prepare for the ARRT certification examination that you will take upon completion of your radiography program. Studying one subject at a time is probably the best way to start. If you can answer all the questions on one card, wonderful! If not, review the answer(s)—but be certain to quiz yourself on that card again in the next 10 minutes, and again in the following 10 minutes. If you believe you know the answer to a question, but can’t put the explanation into words, you just don’t know it well enough. Review the concept and be certain you can explain it. My best wishes to all of you who will be taking their ARRT certification examination in the near future. I hope you will find these flashcards useful in your preparation. Most of all, I hope that you have a satisfying and successful career in medical imaging! viii Saia_FM_p00i-00x.indd 8 10/10/14 11:48 AM Acknowledgments I am greatly indebted to all my students—past, present, and those still to come. Their questions, enthusiasm, and desire to learn has made my job a pleasant task. Thank you all—there are so many memories to cherish! Heartfelt thanks goes to Olive Peart M.S., R.T.(R)(M) and Teresa Whiteside B.A., R.T.(R)(BD), CDBT; they are very special colleagues and friends. A particular note of appreciation goes to another colleague, David Sack B.S., RT(R) CRA FAHRA, an exceptional professional and educator, for permission to use several of his excellent teaching images. Special thank you is extended to Gene Rodda AB, RT(R), Jayme Frangione BA, R.T.(R), and Cheryl Cashell M.S., R.T.(R)(M)(QM) for the time they took to review the flashcards and provide timely and insightful feedback. A note of appreciation is extended to Stamford Hospital for permission to reproduce some of their diagnostic images here. A special note of thanks goes to the professional staff of McGraw-Hill, especially Andrew Moyer and Christie Naglieri and Kritika Kaushik for their patient guidance and support for this new project. Lastly here, but first in my heart, a loving thanks goes to my husband Tony for his never-failing support and encouragement. D.A. Saia May, 2014 ix Saia_FM_p00i-00x.indd 9 10/10/14 11:48 AM