Volume 3 STRUCTURES Volume 3 STRUCTURES Third Edition Michael Littlewood i ~ ~~o~~~~n~~~up LONDONANDNEWYORK Architectural Press Architectural Press isanimprintof Routledge 2ParkSquare, Milton Park,Abingdon, Oxon OX144RN 711 Third Avenue, NewYork, NY10017,USA RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup, aninformabusiness First published 1997 © Taylor &Francis 1997 Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced in anymaterial form(including photocopyingorstoring inanymedium by electronicmeansandwhetherornottransientlyorincidentallytosome otheruseofthis publlcation)withoutthewrittenpermissionofthe copyrightholderexceptinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct 1988orunderthetermsofa licenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90Tottenham CourtRoad,London,England,W1POlP.Applicationsforthecopyright holders writtenpermissionto reproduceanypartofthispublication shouldbeaddressedtothepublisher BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN 0 7506 23209 Forinformation onallArchitectural Press Publication visitourwebsiteatwww.routledge.com Volume 3 STRUCTURES Foreword vii Appendix A 205 Bibliography & references Acknowledgements ix Appendix B 207 Introduction xi Institutions and associations Pergolas, arbours, arches and Appendix C 211 Iych gates Conversion tables Shelters, gazebos and sheds 28 Appendix D 213 Standard graphic symbols Decks and boardwalks 48 Pedestrian bridges 77 Outdoor furniture 106 Signs and information 156 Roofs 165 It has always been the intention to produce The compilation of specifications for a third book of Landscape.Detailing dealing Structures is much more arduous than for with Structures. The success of the first two Surfaces and Enclosures, particularly where - Surfaces and Enclosures in the third reclaimed materials and/or basic methods edition - has prompted this publication. of construction are used. In case the reader has not seen the Design information has been excluded; previous publications some parts of the text many other publications deal with this are repeated to ensure clarification for the subject much more adequately than could purpose of the book. be achieved in this book. General comments on appearance have been given Many landscape architects, architects, other only where it was felt appropriate. professionals and students responsible for the production of drawn details and specifications for landscape construction works have a need for ready reference. This book has been produced to meet that need and it can be extended by additional sheets. It has been arranged for ease of copying of sheets and it is sufficiently flexible for designers to use the details for their specific requirements. The range of materials for external works and their possible combinations for structures would make it impossible to provide a definitive book of details. It is not the intention of this book to supplant the designer's own skill and experience, which is vital to the success of any project. This is still essential in evaluating the site conditions, assessing the character of the environment and creating sensitive design solutions. It is hoped that the book, if used correctly, will allow the designer to spend more time on design details, avoiding the need to produce repetitive drawings for basic construction elements. It has been found that the details can be very useful for costing purposes and to support the preliminary design when presented to a client. To assist the designer and to save further time in writing specifications, simple check lists for these have been included, where appropriate, in this edition along with technical guidance notes and tables. vii I must give particular thanks to many people who have supported me in some way-no matter how small -and who have encouraged me to complete this third edition, which has been greatly enlarged to include structures. My particular thanks must go to Butterworth-Heinemann - my publishers who have supported my work and put up with so many frustrating delayed publishing dates. Thank.you for being so patient-Also to landscape architects Andrew Clegg, Donna Young and many staff members of my former private practice in Bristol. A very special thanks must go to Paul Brian, landscape Architect, for his valued assistance on the sketches; to Mike Bird, Architectural Draughtsman, for drawing many detail sheets; and to Mark Bailey and Jack Cunningham, students at Southampton Institute for the CAD drawings. My appreclatien must also go to Barrie Evans of the Architect's Journal for allowing the reproduction of the details on roofs, and to the Editor L.O. for allowing the article by James Hltchrnouqh to be included. A very sincere and special thanks to the publishers of 'Time Saver Standards for Landscape Archltecturevandalso to the Oountrystde Cornmisslon for Scotland,both for their permission to use material on Decks and Bridges. A very special thanks to Mary Coles for typing the text and correcting it so many times. I am also very qrateful to Paul Brian and Fiona Hopes for checking the final manuscript and making helpful comments. AU of the above have contributed to this book to ensure that it eventually reaches the publishers, after such a long time. ix