2 3 About the Authors Barry W. Starke has been a leader in the profession of landscape architecture for more than 40 years. He graduated with a degree in landscape architecture from the College of Environmental Design at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1967. While at Berkeley, he was introduced to the first edition of Landscape Architecture, which became a major influence on his career. In 1974, Mr. Starke co-founded the award-winning, multidisciplinary landscape architecture and environmental design firm Earth Design Associates, Inc., and continues to serve as President. In 1988, he was elected to the faculty of the University of Virginia School of Architecture, where he taught Professional Practice. Mr. Starke served as the Centennial President of the American Society of Landscape Architects in 1999, leading ASLA’s 100th-anniversary celebration. He is a Fellow of the ASLA, is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners, and served as Chairman of the Renewable Natural Resources Foundation. In 2003, Mr. Starke received the inaugural M. Meade Palmer Medal for outstanding contributions to landscape architecture. He is the 2010 recipient of the VA ASLA Landmark Award and Honor Award in Communications for the fourth edition of Landscape Architecture. John Ormsbee Simonds, who died in May 2005, was one of the twentieth century’s most important figures in landscape architecture and environmental planning. He was recognized worldwide for his visionary thinking and innovative spirit. Mr. Simonds’s work and career spanned more than 70 years, bridging an era during which the profession of landscape architecture expanded from a small number of individuals in the early 1900s to more than 30,000 land use and environmental planners in the United States today. His many contributions, including Landscape Architecture, helped lay the groundwork for today’s focus on environmentally responsible planning and design. Mr. Simonds was President and a Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, which awarded him its highest honor, the ASLA Medal, and its one-time Centennial President’s Medal. He was a member of the President’s Task Force on the Environment and Florida Governor’s Task Force on Natural Resources, and was a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Design in Great Britain. 4 5 6 Copyright © 2013, 2006, 1998, 1983, 1961 by McGraw-Hill Education, LLC. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. 7 This book is dedicated To Marj Marjorie Todd Simonds, 1920–2012 Wife of John Ormsbee Simonds for 63 years, without whose “help and inspiration” the first and subsequent editions of this book would not have been written. I also wish to acknowledge that this edition would not have been possible but for the generous contributions of my landscape architect colleagues, firms, and agencies around the world; the many outstanding photographers; the support of my wife, Laurie; the work of my staff; and, especially, the enthusiasm, dedication, and tireless devotion of my assistant, landscape architect Breanna Rau. Barry W. Starke 8 Contents Cover About the Authors Title Page Copyright Dedication Prologue Foreword Epigraph The Hunter and the Philosopher 1. THE HUMAN HABITAT AND SUSTAINABILITY The Human Animal Nature The Natural Sciences The Ecological Basis Earthscape Sustainability 2. CLIMATE Climate and Response Social Imprint Accommodation Microclimatology Climate Change/Global Warming 3. WATER Water as a Resource Natural Systems Management Water-Related Site Design 4. LAND Human Impact Land as a Resource Land Grants Land Rights Surveying Use Reuse Topography Surveys Supplementary Data 9 5. VEGETATION Topsoil Mantle Plants in Nature Plant Identification Plant Culture Introduced Plantations Invasive Species Vanishing Green Urban Agriculture Urban Forestry 6. THE VISUAL LANDSCAPE The View The Vista The Axis The Symmetrical Plan Asymmetry Visual Resource Management Landscape Character Modification The Built Environment 7. THE PLANNED ENVIRONMENT A Conservation Credo Environmental Issues 8. COMMUNITY PLANNING AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT The Group Imperative Problems Possibilities New Directions Growth Management Scatteration and Urban Sprawl Restoration 9. THE REGIONAL LANDSCAPE Interrelationships Regional Form Open-Space Frame Greenways and Blueways The Essentials Regional Planning Governance 10. URBAN DESIGN Cityscape The City Diagram The Ubiquitous Automobile 10