F 1052.9 .F58 2014 5 Y r°\ ANTH Land r xcavations at Mart LMalet w • Will iam r.tzhugh January 20 1 “y Photo (J ontributions by Wili iam pitzhugh P rod uced by /\ustin ~]~umas A Universite Arctic v>2 Smithsonian Institution p^^tudies de Montreal (Ptenter ~j~" abie of Con tents Figure List I-V 1. Project Goals 2 2. Acknowledgments 3 3. Strategies of Intervention 4 4. 2014 Expedition Journal 5 5. Hart Chalet Maps 58 6. Hart Chalet Field Notes and Collections 60 7. Rigolet (Labrador) and St. Lawrence Gateways Summary 99 8. References 103 9. Appendix 1. 2014 Hart Chalet Artifact Field Catalog figure L^t Cover Image: Ramah Bay, a Canadian National Heritage site, source of Ramah chert used by prehistoric Indian cultures for 8000 years and by Paleoeskimo cultures from 4000-800 B.P. Illustration and design by Stephen Loring and Marcia Bakray. Fig 1.1: Research in the Hamilton Inlet Narrows in 2014 with the Nunatsiavut Archaeology Office Fig 1.2: Map of sites visited during 2013 Fig 1.3: Broomfield Cove sod house Inuit (?) village, view to East Fig 1.4: Hart Chalet Inuit winter site, House 1 excavation, view to North Fig 3.1: As in previous years, Anja Herzog processed the Hart Chalet collections. Fig 4.00: Alaina Harmon, Ted and Sandra Timreck (with hound Bodie), Florence Hart, and Mariel Kennedy at Florence’s ‘guest house’. Fig 4.01: Village of Fleur-de-lys, Newfoundland, showing the east side of the harbor. The soapstone quarry is over the hill to the right. Fig 4.02: Preform fragments from the Dorset soapstone pot quarry on display at the Fleur-de-lys Museum and Heritage Center, Newfoundland. Fig 4.03: Quarry face at Fleur-de-lys from which hundreds of rectangular Dorset cooking pots were quarried ca.AD 200-600, indenting the soapstone outcrop. Fig 4.04: Once again, icebergs were a common sight in our transit from Long Island, Newfoundland, to Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. Fig 4.05: Boyce Roberts, Michelle Weist, Jamie, her husband, and son Nick at their Quirpon Harbor home after we presented them with a copy of Will Richard’s and my book, Maine to Greenland: Exploring the Maritime Far Northeast. Fig 4.06: L’Anse aux Meadows Viking site out-buildiungs under reconstruction showing timber and sod elements. Fig 4.07: Mariel and Alaina, our freshest “Viking” recruits at the LAM site. Fig 4.08: Workers rebuilding LAM had the advantage of wheel-barrows, a distinct improvement over hand- barrows 1,000 years ago. But otherwise, the scene and tasks would have been identical. Hand-barrows are still used in the northern fishing industry today. Fig 4.09: Entering Double Mer Narrows, Pitsiulak encountered strong tides and a view to the west of almost 60 miles. Fig 4.10: Our first survey area on the north side of Stag Head Cove, on a low terrace behind a modern log cabin, produced a cobble hearth and charcoal. Fig 4.11: Alaina, Jamie, and Michelle at a Point Revenge campsite just inside the mouth of Stag Head Brook. View SE. Fig 4.12: A Ramah chert Point Revenge corner-notched biface base found at Stag Head brook site. Fig 4.13: Jamie’s air photo of Main River delta at the northwest end of Double Mer, North at top. Fig 4.14: Approaching Main River delta: Mariel, Alaina, Jamie, Michelle, Perry and Vicky. Fig 4.15: View northeast from a high sand terrace, south of the first rapids on Main River. Fig 4.16: Alaina and Mariel after bath at Main River rapids. Fig 4.17: Fish camp at Main River lagoon, not currently in use, with bear barricaded windows. Fig 4.18: Jamie and Michelle recording a test pit where we found a mammal bone in the caribou trail 0.5 km north of Main River fish camp. View SW. Fig 4.19: Eroding bank on lower portion of Main River. Fig 4.20: Alaina, Vicky, Michelle, and Jamie at cards in Pitsiulak galley. Fig 4.21: The ‘bush’ north of Partridge Point, Double Mer. Fig 4.22: Caribou skull found in sod, south side of the Partidge Point former cabin site. Fig 4.23: Trapper cabin site on south shore of Partridge Point. View west. Fig 4.24: The Northern Ranger, at Rigolet dock, supplied us with a hydraulic hose to repair our anchor windlass. Fig 4.25: Gull chick awaiting dinner. Fig 4.26: Tea Pond boulder beach overview with limit cairn at left and pit feature center-low. View SW. Fig 4.27: Rigolet, with school at right and Hudson Bay store at left. View W. Fig 4.28: Raised beach tent ring site with abandoned snowmobile a kilometer east of the SE entrance of The Narrows. View E. Fig 4.29: Jamie Brake, Mariel Kennedy, and Michelle Davies documenting a probable Innu tentring site near Hanniuk in the Backway, Hamilton Inlet. Fig 4.30: Testing a tent ring at Hanniuk, a Paliser family camp on the NW shore of the Backway. View N. Fig 4.31: Hanniuk point. View SE. Fig 4.32: Midden with glass beads, iron, bones, stove parts on surface 75 ni west of Hanniuk cabin. Fig 4.33: Towing auxiliary boats south side of Henrietta Island. View east. Fig 4.34: Michelle, Mariel, and Alaina on ‘forest trek’ at head of Long Harbor, Henrietta Island. Fig 4.35: Recording boulder feature (a disturbed Inuit grave?) at east end of Carrington Island, south of Henrietta. Fig 4.36: Eskimo Island-3 (H2) Labrador Inuit winter site, looking south across Lake Melville toward Carrington Island. Fig 4.37: Jamie and Michelle prepare drone at Eskimo Island-3. View SE. Fig 4.38: Inuit fox trap on east side of Narrows. Fig 4.39: Fine eating anyone? Rigolet kids and Jamie with sculpin catch. Fig 4.40: Paliser Point at northeast entry of Double Men Site areas to right of cabin and between trees on hillside. View S. Fig 4.41: Hillside site at Paliser Point. View S. Fig 4.42: Paliser Point historic Inuit midden west of cabin. Vew SE. Fig 4.43: Broomfield Cove Inuit w inter site from water. View SW. Fig 4.44: Broomfield Cove winter site, view east. Fig 4.45: Mapping the Broomfield Cove Inuit (?)winter site with 2 (3?) structures. View W. Fig. 4.46: Inuit winter site on east shore of Curlew Harbor, west of Cape North (Cartwright). View SW. Fig 4.47: One of two sod houses at Curlew Harbor Inuit site. View SE. Fig 4.48: Sunrise and fog on Grady islands, Cape North. View E. Fig 4.49: Abandoned fishermen’s cabins at Punchbowl, south of Black Tickle. View NE. Fig 4.50: Punchbowl dock, still serviceable. View S. Fig 4.51: Remains of Hawke Harbor whaling station. View SE. Fig 4.52: Hawke Harbor: Industry or modern sculpture? Fig 4.53: Hawke Harbor station seen from the tanks south of the site. An other-worldly vision among pristine Labrador granite hills. View NW. Fig 4.54: Model reconstruction of a 16th C. Basque tryworks on Saddle Island on view at the Whaler’s Station Restaurant in Red Bay. Fig 4.55: Undated photo of Parks Canada’s underwater and Memorial University’s land excavation teams at Red Bay in the early 1980s, with dig chiefs Robert Grenier and James Tuck rear left and right. Photo on display at Whaler’s Station Restaurant in Red Bay. Fig 4.56 Pinware River seen from the highway southwest of Red Bay, View NW. Fig 4.57 Alaina and Mariel clearing brush from Hart Chalet House 1, view north through entry into house. Fig 4.58 Mariel and Alaina beginning the excavation at the Hart Chalet Inuit winter village (House 1) in Brador. View North. Fig 4.59: House 1 1x8m trench in central house floor with lots of spruce roots. View S. Fig 4.60: Artifact cache on floor in front of west house bench, with iron point, square iron bar, saw blade fragment, bottle glass, heavy (lead?) mineral, and other items. North at top. Fig 4.61: Whalebone fragment in 4N0W. Fig 4.62: House 1, 4N/0W, view N. showing the central house floor, and to left of roots, the west-side bench. Cache was to upper right. Fig 4.63 Grey stoneware fragments of a nearly complete vessel from 4N/2E, SE corner of the house floor. Fig 4.64 Seal mandible from midden in House 1. Fig 4.65 The smaller, southern mound, never back-filled, about 75m west of the larger northern mound. m Fig 4.66: The larger (northern) of two Early Maritime Archaic burial mounds excavated by Rene Levesque and Clifford Hart in the late 1960s east of the Hart’s home in Brador. View E. Fig 4.67: Eastern side of the un-back-filled Early Maratime Archaic burial pit, showing a possible external ring of rocks at the edge of the mound. View E. Fig 4.68: A possible third burial feature in the limestone barrens east of Brador.View NW. Fig 4.69: Turkey dinner a la Florence, with Alaina, Mariel, Sandra, Florence, and Ted. Fig 4.70: Sandra Kingsbury and Ted Timreck: goodbye smiles as they begin car trip south. Fig 4.71: Fresnel lens at Forteau Lighthouse. Fig 4.72: Mariel and Alaina with fresnel lens at top of Forteau Lighthouse. Fig 4.73: L’Anse Amour Early Maritime Archaic burial mound. View NW. Fig 4.74: 4N4W midden square outside the west wall of House 1, with shells, fish and mammal bone. North at top. Fig 4.75: View to east along trench inside south wall of Housel. Fig 4.76: Map of St. Paul River and bay at Whitely Museum in St. Paul showing location of early European sites. Fig 4.77: Plaque at the Whitely Museum in St. Paul with illustration of the cod trap that William Whitely invented. Fig 4.78: Working team of the Whitely Museum: Lori-Lee Thomas (standing), Garland Nadeau (left), Chesley Griffin (middle), and an assistant. Fig 4.79: Chipped stone tool display at Whitely Museum. Fig 4.80: Chipped stone tools at Whitely Museum. Fig 4.81: Ground stone gorget and axes at Whitely Museum. Fig 4.82: Iroquoian pottery vessel with castlated rim at Whitely Museum. Fig 4.83a,b: Basque rechauffleur warming dish dredged from the bay several decades ago. Fig 4.84: Engraved motif on Basque warming vessel. Fig 4.85: Chesley Griffin on beach at Five Leagues in front of his uncle’s renovated home. Fig 4.86: Five Leagues village, view to south. Fig 4.87: An amazing bakeapple season on the Lower North Shore! Fig 4.88a-c: Basque try works at Five Leagues harbor. Fig 4.89a,b: Boulder-walled shelter dwelling at Five Leagues headland. Fig 4.90: Raised boulder beach with cache pits and structures. Fig 4.91: Shell deposits could be used to radiocarbon-date raised marine beaches south of Five Leagues. Fig 4.92: Boulder pits and houses behind Five Leagues village. Fig 4.93: Alaina with steamer clams rescued from the mud. Fig 4.94: View of SW corner of House 1, view SE. Fig 4.95: House 1 interior, looking northwest. Fig 4.96: View west along rear (north) wall of House 1. Fig 4.97: Aliana and Mariel after a strenuous morning of back-filling. Fig 4.98: Perry and Bill clearing gear off the Hart Chalet site. Fig 4.99: Mariel and Alaina relaxing in Pitsiulak foc’s’le. Fig 4.100: Mariel and Alaina at the Colbourne hacienda in Lushes Bight, Newfoundland. Fig 4.101: Washing, drying, and field-cataloguing collections at Perry’s. Fig 6.00: Hart Chalet (EiBh-47) House 1 looking through entry to rear wall, view north. Fig 6.01: East-west trench inside south wall of Hart Chalet, House 1. View to west. Fig 6.02: Profile of HI at 4 North. Fig 6.03: 4N6E Excavation Map. Fig 6.04: Iron Artifacts from 4N6E. Fig 6.05: 4N4E and 4N6E extention, view NE. Fig 6.06: Profile of North Wall of 4N6E. Fig 6.07: Profile of North wall of 4N6E. Fig 6.08: 4N6E trench through East wall of HI. Fig 6.09: Map of finds at 4N 4E, HI. IV Fig 6.10: 4N4E nails and iron. Fig 6.11: 4N4E iron nail and bonetool handle. Fig 6.11: 4N4E ceramics. Fig 6.12a: 4N4E stoneware. Fig 6.12b: 4N4E stoneware fits Fig 6.13: 4N4E Ceramic fits Fig 6.14: View NW. Fig 6.15: HI. Fig 6.16: 4N2W unit in HI interior. Fig 6.17: 4N2W units HI interior. Fig 6.18: 6N 2E, 8N2E artifacts, iron nails and objects. Fig 6.19: 4N2E unit. Fig 6.20: 4N2E Artifacts. Fig6.21: East West trench in the HI View East. Fig 6.22: Whalebone in 4N0W. Fig 6.23: Artifact cache in 4N0W. Fig 6.24: Map of 4N0W. Fig 5.25: 4N0W view north. Fig 6.26: Worked glass in 4N0W. Fig 6.27: Artifacts from 4N0W. Fig 6.28: Cache of artifacts in 4N0W. Fig 6.29: Map of finds from 4N0W Fig 6.30: Profile of North wall of 4N2W. Fig 6.31: View of 4N2W. Fig 6.32: Artifacts from 4N2W. Fig 6.33: Groswater chert biface, lead and iron fragments, glass sherd, blue bead from 4N2W. Fig 6.34: Iron knife and spear shaft from 4N2W. Fig 6.35: Artifacts from 4N2W. Fig 6.36: Map of 4N4W. Fig 6.37: 4N4W unit NE quadrant excavated previously. Fig 6.38: Artifacts from 4N4W. Fig 6.39: Artifacts from 4N4W. Fig 6.40: House 2 entrance tunnel, view North. Fig 6.41: Profiles for 8N8W. Fig 6.42: 8N9W excavation map. Fig 6.43: HI and H2 entry tests. View to SE. Fig 6.44: Artifacts from 8N8W. Fig 6.45: 14N8W Fig 6.46: 14N8W excavation map. Fig 6.47: Profile for 14N8W. Fig 6.48: 14N8W SE Quad. Fig 6.49: 14N8W artifacts. Fig 6.50: 14N8W artifacts. Fig 6.51: 14N8W quartzite flakes from Indian component. Fig 6.52: 14N8W artifacts. Fig 6.53: 14N8W Worked whale bone. Fig 7.1: Stag Head Brook site, View NW. Fig 7.2: Hart Chalet Site, HI with Anaina and Marielle, View N. v iSkUUASHfatl AtlSTASTlN LAKE HOPEDAIJ 2014 Survey Region Wi«Wr«r PQ5TVILLE, HACRARPISSO N MENltfEtia LAKES I GROSWATER _ BAY \§tnninaf ^CHURCHILL FALLS NORTH WEST RIVER’ MELVILLE/^ (f20% i' COMPORT SIGH \ E HAPPY VALLEY- r, A jousecffh iyr* K * GOOSE BAY Charlottetown'S^] ”v-‘0 PORT HOP^S-^—s $)WP$ON ^2 MARY’S HARBO/UR*^ T BELLE ISLE a QUEBEC 103 km QUEBEC rd Fig 1.1: Research in the Hamilton Inlet Narrows in 2014 with the Nunatsiavut Archaeology Office LABRADOR k QUEBEC Belles Amours Peninsula (EiBi- § \ \ H(EaiBrth C-4h7a)l et Red Bay- L'Anse aux Meadows Little Canso Island-1 (EhBn-9) Quirpon o ^Long Island . Fig 1.2 Map of sites visited during 2013 field season. 1 - Yroject CjoaIs 20 I A (1) In Rigolet the objective was to survey the extension of Hamilton Inlet known as The Double Mer, a narrow body of water running west from the northern entrance of the Narrows to the end of Double Mer, about sixty miles west of Rigolet. This area has never been surveyed for archaeological sites but was known historically as a winter habitation for settlers and Inuit families who summered further east in Groswater Bay in the 19th and 20th centuries. Passes from the western end of the Double Mer were used as travel routes to central and western Lake Melville, and rivers at the head of the Double Mer provided access to hunting and trapping lands to the north, as well as routes west of Cape Harrison to the Central Labrador coast. A short survey of the Palliser Point and the eastern Narrows portion of Double Mer in 2013 by Jamie Brake documented several promising locales for future study, and our 2014 project, conducted with Nunatsiavut Government archaeologist Jamie Brake and his assistant, Michelle Davies, was designed to investigate these and the western shores of Double Mer and its river mouth regions. The survey was to identify sites and promising locations, not to conduct excavations. We also planned to survey portions of the Narrow7s and eastern entrance of the Backway if time permitted. (2) Research in Brador was to focus on excavations at the Hart Chalet Labrador Inuit village located west of the mouth of the Brador River. This site was originally identified by Rene Levesque in 1968 and is located at the site where Clifford and Florence Hart built a cottage a few years later. At the time it was thought to be a Basque site on the basis of roof tiles and large spikes and nails found. The Smithsonian investigated the site at the request of the Harts in 2003 and returned to tested it several times in subsequent years. We soon recognized the foundations of three Inuit sod houses and found that the Basque materials were present as contact goods. In 2013 we excavated a trench through the middle of House 1 and planned to open a larger portion of this structure in 2014 to facilitate dating and assembling a faunal collection for environmental reconstruction. The Hart site would provide us with a fourth excavated Inuit dwelling from the Quebec Lower North Shore and would help establish a broader basis for constructing an Inuit history for a region that until recently had no firm evidence of permanent Inuit occupation. Fig 1.4: Hart Chalet limit winter site. House 1 ex¬ cavation, view to North 2 2 - /Acknowledgments As in previous years, the 2014 season owes its success to many individuals and organizations. Our research sponsors included the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and Anthropology Department, the Arctic Studies Center's Ernest Burch Endowment, and the Nunatsiavut Inuit Government's archaeology program. Perry Colbourne, long-time skipper of the Pitsiulak, ensured the safety and success of our travels and provided much-appreciated companionship, as well as moose meat protein for our larder. Perry’s wife, Louise, welcomed and fed us at the Colbourne enclave in Lushes Bight. Lindsay and Will Richard served as our lobster-fortified point of departure in Maine, and Will provided our transportation to Newfoundland. This summer Will had to return home to Maine shortly after Pitsiulak got underway, so we missed his photographic documentation and expert digger’s hand in the field. As usual we had a warm welcome in Quirpon by Boyce Roberts and Michelle Weist, and by Boyce's daughter Jamie and her family. The Norseman Restaurant crowd in L'Anse aux Meadows and staff of the Parks Canada Museum welcomed our annual visit to the Viking site area. In Rigolet we visited with Charles and Jean Tooktoshina and Bert and Tib Allen, and were assisted with food, fuel, and water by old friends Ozzie and Joyce Allen. The coastal steamer Astron helped us repair a damaged hydraulic line, and several well-wishers in Rigolet provided us with fresh salmon. In Brador we enjoyed the incomparable hospitality of Tlorence and Clifford Hart, who opened their home to us, fed us sumptuously, and provided every kind of assistance, in addition to allowing us excavate in their chalet back-yard. Chesley Griffin gave us a wonderful day's tour of the Five Leagues area between Middle Bay and St. Paul, and we learned much about local history from Garland Nadeau and Lora-Lee Thomas of the Whitely Museum in St. Paul. Special thanks must go my Nunatsiavut Government partners, Jamie Brake and Michelle Davies, to my fine field team of Alaina Harmon of the Smithsonian and Mariel Kennedy, a Notre Dame University intern; both unflinchingly pitched in to make the voyaging and scientific work highly successful and enjoyable. I greatly appreciate the support of the Quebec Ministry of Culture and Communication and its Archaeology program staff for issuing our archaeological permit, and the Quebec Natural Resources Department for my land-use permit. Anja Herzog has provided crucial services cleaning and cataloguing our collections, and I am indebted to Andre Bergeron and the Quebec Conservation Center for assistance in artifact storage and conservation. Finally, I am indebted to Laura Fleming and other members of the ASC who managed the affairs of the Arctic Studies Center in my absence, and to Austin Tumas, Meghan Mulkerin and Kathryn Leonard who turned my diary, field notes, maps, section drawings, and photographs into a fine published report. Thanks to you all! 5