Land Development Guidelines Land Development Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Habitat These guidelines were produced by the Habitat Management Division of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and the Integrated Management Branch of the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. The authors gratefully acknowledge all those people who contributed to the composition of these guidelines. Complied and edited by Barry Chilibeck, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and Geoff Chislett and Gary Norris, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. First Printing: May 1992 Second Printing: September 1993 1 Land Development Guidelines 2 Land Development Guidelines TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................3 LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................5 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................9 SECTION 2 LEAVE STRIPS......................................................................................................................15 SECTION 3 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL AND SITE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE.S...............23 SECTION 4 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT............................................................................................45 SECTION 5 INSTREAM WORK.................................................................................................................63 SECTION 6 FISH PASSAGE AND CULVERTS..........................................................................................69 SECTION 7 IMPLEMENTING THE LAND DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINE.S................................................81 SECTION 8 LAND DEVELOPMENT EXAMPLE.........................................................................................89 APPENDIX I REGULATIONS......................................................................................................................109 APPENDIX II SALMONID HABITAT.............................................................................................................117 APPENDIX III OPERATING WINDOWS FOR FISHERIES SENSITIVE ZONES...........................................123 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................127 3 Land Development Guidelines 4 Land Development Guidelines LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Riparian and Fisheries Sensitive Zones...................................................................................15 Figure 2.2 Riparian Zone Benefits to Aquatic Habita.t..............................................................................16 Figure 2.3 Minimum Leave Strip for a Well-defined High Water Mark in a Residential/Low Density Area...........................................................................................18 Figure 2.4 Minimum Leave Strip Width for a Poorly-defined High Water Mark in a Residential/Low Density Area...........................................................................................19 Figure 2.5 Minimum Leave Strip for a Ravine or Steep-sloped Banks in a Residential/Low Density Area...........................................................................................20 Figure 2.6 Plan View of Riparian Leave Strips..........................................................................................21 Figure 3.1 Surface and Slope Erosion and Sediment Control Application.s...............................................27 Figure 3.2 Typical Interceptor Ditch Construction and Application............................................................31 Figure 3.3 Typical Silt Fence Construction and Application.s....................................................................33 Figure 3.4 Sediment Control Pond Plan and Sections..............................................................................39 Figure 3.5 Sediment Control Pond Riser Details and Baffle Layout.s........................................................40 Figure 3.6 Single Lot Development Erosion and Sediment Control Feature.s...........................................44 Figure 4.1 Dry Detention Pond Plan and Sections....................................................................................51 Figure 4.2 Wet Detention Pond Plan and Sections...................................................................................53 Figure 4.3 Detention Pond Control Structure Typical Details....................................................................54 Figure 4.4 Infiltration System Design and Typical Application...................................................................58 Figure 4.5 Coalescing Plate Oil-Water Separator.....................................................................................59 Figure 6.1 Culvert Installation Limiting Fish Access..................................................................................72 Figure 6.2 Culvert Providing Upstream Fish Passage...............................................................................73 5 Land Development Guidelines Figure 6.3 Culvert Installation for a Small Creek with Provision for Fry Passag.e......................................75 Figure 6.4 Diagram and Photo of a Rock Outlet Pool and Tailwater Control Structur.e.............................78 Figure 6.5 Diagram and Photo of Typical Culvert Baffle Layout and Installatio.n.......................................80 Figure 7.1 Land Development Guidelines Screening and Application Cha.r.t............................................84 Figure 8.1 Predevelopment Map..............................................................................................................91 Figure 8.2 Erosion and Sediment Control Map.........................................................................................94 Figure 8.3 Developed Site Map................................................................................................................96 Figure 8.4 Stream Information Summary (SIS) Report Data for Land Development Examp.le..................97 Figure 8.5 Land Development Example Site IDF Curves..........................................................................103 Figure 8.6 Calculation of Predevelopment and Post-development Peak Flows for Land Development Example..................................................................................................................................106 Figure 8.7 Calculation Spreadsheet and Simplified Hydrograph for Detention Volume Requiremen.t.s.....107 Figure A2.1 Anadromous Salmonid Life Cycle............................................................................................119 Figure A3.1 Fisheries Sensitive Zone Areas of British Columbia.................................................................126 6 Land Development Guidelines LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 - Partial List of Agency Approvals for Land Development Projec.t.s..........................12 Table 3.1 - Required Surface Area and Overflow Rates for Discrete Particle Settlin..g.............35 Table 4.1 - Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Detention Technologie.s.....................47 Table 6.1 - Fisheries and Design Considerations for Stream Crossing Structure..s..................70 Table 6.2 - Sustained, Prolonged and Burst Swimming Speeds For Various Fis.h...................75 Table 8.1 - Example Development Construction Schedul.e......................................................91 Table 8.2 - Land Cover Factors used for Rational Formul.a.....................................................98 Table 8.3 - Land Cover Factors used in Overland Flow Tc Calculatio.n...................................99 Table 8.4 - Recurrence Intervals and Catchment Area.s..........................................................100 Table 8.5 - Land Development Example IDF Data...................................................................101 Table A3.1 - Fisheries Sensitive Zone Species Timing Window.s............................................126 7 Land Development Guidelines 8 Land Development Guidelines SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose and Scope The purpose of these guidelines is to protect fish populations and their habitat from the damaging effects of land development activities. The information contained in these guidelines pertains to the preservation of Pacific salmon populations, a federally-managed resource (DFO), and steelhead, trout, char and other freshwater species, which are managed by the provincial Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (MOELP). These guidelines apply primarily to salmon, trout and char, collectively termed salmonids, but are applicable to all fish species. Understandably, the recommendations contained in these guidelines are generalized and, as such, are applicable to a wide range of situations. Although the federal and provincial agencies work in close association, it is important that both be contacted whenever a problem arises regarding fisheries resources that cannot be resolved through reference to the land development guidelines. In some instances and locations, it may be necessary for personnel of the federal and provincial habitat management agencies to modify recommendations presented in these guidelines to reflect site specific conditions and in order to protect salmonid habitat. Fish Habitat, Land Development and Fisheries Sensitive Zones DFO is responsible, under the Fisheries Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. F-14), to protect fish and fish habitat in "waters frequented by fish" (Appendix I provides a brief regulatory synopsis for land development purposes). This includes protection from any work in or near these waters. The provincial government (MOELP) is responsible for management of steelhead, trout, char and other non-salmonid freshwater species under theF isheries Act. The definitions of fish and fish habitat under the Fisheries Act are as follows: • Fish all fish, shellfish, crustaceans and marine animals, and the eggs, spawn, spat and juvenile stages of fish, shellfish, crustaceans and marine animals. • Fish Habitat the spawning grounds, nursery, rearing, food supply and migration areas on which fish depend directly or indirectly in order to carry out their life processes. All developments in or adjacent to waters containing fish or fish habitat, whether marine or freshwater, require the approval of DFO and MOELP. In order to better define the requirements for protection of aquatic habitat, Fisheries Sensitive Zones (FSZ) were developed. They are defined as the instream aquatic habitats, as well as the out-of-stream habitat features such as side channels, wetlands and riparian areas. Land developments have the potential to seriously 9 Land Development Guidelines degrade and destroy fish habitat and impact fish populations. Accordingly, DFO and MOELP carefully control work in and around the Fisheries Sensitive Zone. Land Development Guideline Objectives The primary goal of these guidelines is to ensure that the quantity and quality of fish habitat are preserved and maintained at the productive level that existed prior to land development activities. The Fisheries Act provides the legislative basis for DFO'sP olicy for the Management of Fish Habitat (DFO 1986) and the principle of no net loss of the productive capacity (i.e. the maximum natural capacity) of fish habitat. Each land development project, therefore, is subject to the following guideline objectives. • Provision and protection of leave strips adjacent to watercourses. • Control of soil erosion and sediment in runoff water. • Control of rates of water runoff to minimize impacts on watercourses. • Control of instream work, construction and diversions on watercourses. • Maintenance of fish passage in watercourses for all salmonid life stages. • Prevention of the discharge of deleterious substances to watercourses. The second goal of these guidelines is to encourage the provision of environmental assessment/impact information to DFO and MOELP thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the regulatory referral and approval process. These guidelines are intended to assist land developers to identify problems prior to development and present feasible solutions or measures to prevent potential negative effects on fish and fish habitat. Their use will also avoid potentially costly mitigation, restoration and compensation requirements. An overall awareness of environmental concerns regarding land development, fish and fish habitat is essential if the national goal of sustainable development is to be achieved. Referral and Approval Process Land development projects are referred by individuals, companies and other agencies to both DFO and MOELP. In most cases, the proponent of the project is responsible for providing the required assessment information to the agencies involved. This information is summarized in an impact assessment document, described later in the guidelines, that outlines the development proposal and describes how the features of these guidelines will be incorporated. Generally, the potential impacts on fish and fish habitat will be determined by DFO and MOELP staff based on habitat function, productivity, uniqueness and sensitivity. The productive capacity is then rated and used to evaluate the impact of the proposed development. If a potential impact exists, alternate siting, mitigation or compensation options are examined to determine if no net loss can be achieved. If no net loss can be achieved, the project will be approved under thFei sheries Act. In some cases, additional information will be requested from the proponent to substantiate 10