LABORATORY SAFETY FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTS ROBERT H. HILL, JR. DAVID C. FINSTER AJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATION LABORATORY SAFETY FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTS LABORATORY SAFETY FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTS ROBERT H. HILL, JR. DAVID C. 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Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein electronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Hill,RobertH.,1945- Laboratorysafetyforchemistrystudents/RobertH.Hill,Jr.,DavidC.Finster. p.cm. Includesindex. ISBN978-0-470-34428-6 (pbk.) 1. Chemicallaboratories–Safetymeasures. I.Finster,DavidC.,1953-II.Title. QD51.H552010 542.028(cid:1)9–dc22 2009052126h PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 To those who have suffered personal loss, injuries, and even death in laboratory incidents that were preventable. May we use the knowledge from these incidents to teach the next generation of scientists about laboratory and chemical safety. CONTENTS PREFACE:TOTHESTUDENTS xi TOTHEINSTRUCTOR xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii ACRONYMS xix CHAPTER1 PRINCIPLES,ETHICS,ANDPRACTICES 1-1 1.1.1 THEFOURPRINCIPLESOFSAFETY 1-3 1.1.2 WHATISGREENCHEMISTRY? 1-13 1.2.1 RETHINKINGSAFETY:LEARNINGFROMLABINCIDENTS 1-17 1.2.2 GREENCHEMISTRYINTHEORGANICCURRICULUM 1-23 1.3.1 FOSTERINGASAFETYCULTURE 1-27 1.3.2 EMPLOYERS’EXPECTATIONSOFSAFETYSKILLSFORNEWCHEMISTS 1-31 1.3.3 LAWSANDREGULATIONSPERTAININGTOSAFETY 1-37 1.3.4 GREENCHEMISTRY—THEBIGPICTURE 1-45 CHAPTER2 EMERGENCYRESPONSE 2-1 2.1.1 RESPONDINGTOLABORATORYEMERGENCIES 2-3 2.1.2 FIREEMERGENCIESININTRODUCTORYCOURSES 2-7 2.1.3 CHEMICALSPILLS:ONYOUANDINTHELABORATORY 2-19 2.1.4 FIRSTAIDINCHEMISTRYLABORATORIES 2-25 2.2.1 FIREEMERGENCIESINORGANICANDADVANCEDCOURSES 2-31 2.2.2 CHEMICALSPILLS:CONTAINMENTANDCLEANUP 2-37 CHAPTER3 UNDERSTANDINGANDCOMMUNICATINGABOUTLABORATORYHAZARDS 3-1 3.1.1 ROUTESOFEXPOSURESTOHAZARDS 3-3 vii CONTENTS 3.1.2 LEARNINGTHELANGUAGEOFSAFETY:SIGNS,SYMBOLS,ANDLABELS 3-11 3.1.3 FINDINGHAZARDINFORMATION:MATERIALSAFETYDATASHEETS(MSDSS) 3-19 3.2.1 THEGLOBALLYHARMONIZEDSYSTEMOFCLASSIFICATIONANDLABELLING OFCHEMICALS(GHS) 3-25 3.2.2 INFORMATIONRESOURCESABOUTLABORATORYHAZARDSANDSAFETY 3-31 3.2.3 INTERPRETINGMSDSINFORMATION 3-39 3.3.1 CHEMICALHYGIENEPLANS 3-47 CHAPTER4 RECOGNIZINGLABORATORYHAZARDS:TOXICSUBSTANCESANDBIOLOGICALAGENTS 4-1 4.1.1 INTRODUCTIONTOTOXICOLOGY 4-3 4.1.2 ACUTETOXICITY 4-15 4.2.1 CHRONICTOXICITY 4-23 4.3.1 CARCINOGENS 4-31 4.3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION,BIOACCUMULATION,ANDELIMINATIONOFTOXICANTS 4-39 4.3.3 BIOLOGICALHAZARDSANDBIOSAFETY 4-47 CHAPTER5 RECOGNIZINGLABORATORYHAZARDS:PHYSICALHAZARDS 5-1 5.1.1 CORROSIVEHAZARDSININTRODUCTORYCHEMISTRYLABORATORIES 5-3 5.1.2 FLAMMABLES—CHEMICALSWITHBURNINGPASSION 5-13 5.2.1 CORROSIVESINADVANCEDLABORATORIES 5-23 5.2.2 THECHEMISTRYOFFIREANDEXPLOSIONS 5-31 5.2.3 INCOMPATIBLES—ACLASHOFVIOLENTPROPORTIONS 5-39 5.3.1 GASCYLINDERSANDCRYOGENICLIQUIDTANKS 5-49 5.3.2 PEROXIDES—POTENTIALLYEXPLOSIVEHAZARDS 5-61 5.3.3 REACTIVEANDUNSTABLELABORATORYCHEMICALS 5-69 5.3.4 HAZARDSFROMLOW-ORHIGH-PRESSURESYSTEMS 5-79 5.3.5 ELECTRICALHAZARDS 5-87 5.3.6 HOUSEKEEPING INTHERESEARCHLABORATORY—THEDANGERSOFMESSYLABS 5-93 5.3.7 NONIONIZINGRADIATIONANDELECTRICANDMAGNETICFIELDS 5-101 5.3.8 ANARRAYOFRAYS—IONIZINGRADIATIONHAZARDSINTHELABORATORY 5-107 5.3.9 CRYOGENICHAZARDS—ACHILLINGEXPERIENCE 5-117 5.3.10 RUNAWAYREACTIONS 5-125 5.3.11 HAZARDSOFCATALYSTS 5-131 CHAPTER6 RISKASSESSMENT 6-1 6.1.1 RISKASSESSMENT—LIVINGSAFELYWITHHAZARDS 6-3 6.2.1 USINGTHEGHSTOEVALUATECHEMICALTOXICHAZARDS 6-11 6.2.2 UNDERSTANDINGOCCUPATIONALEXPOSURELIMITS 6-23 6.3.1 ASSESSINGCHEMICALEXPOSURE 6-31 viii