LABOR, LESIURE AND FREEDOM IN THE PHILOSOPHIES OF ARISTOTLE, KARL MARX AND HERBERT MARCUSE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DOĞAN BARIŞ KILINÇ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY SEPTEMBER 2006 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _______________ Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. _______________ Prof. Dr. Ahmet İnam Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. _______________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ş. Halil Turan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Ahmet İnam (METU, PHIL) _______________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ş. Halil Turan (METU, PHIL) _______________ Dr. Adnan Akçay (METU, SOC) _______________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Signature : iii ABSTRACT LABOR, LESIURE AND FREEDOM IN THE PHILOSOPHIES OF ARISTOTLE, KARL MARX AND HERBERT MARCUSE Kılınç, Doğan Barış M.A., Department of Philosophy Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ş. Halil Turan September 2006, 106 pages The aim of this study is to present an examination of the philosophies of Aristotle, Karl Marx and Herbert Marcuse concerning labor and leisure in the context of freedom. These philosophers have paid attention to the concepts labor and leisure; their view of freedom is dependent on the relationship they have established between labor and leisure. To this end, I firstly give a general overview of the concepts labor, leisure and freedom; afterwards, I try to show how these concepts have been considered in the history of thought. I examine the concepts labor and leisure in Aristotle’s political and ethical thought. I discuss the connection between Aristotle’s perfect state and his view of ethics in the context of labor and leisure, and the relation between best way of life and freedom in Aristotle is presented. Next, I analyze Karl Marx’s view of human nature and his theory of estrangement. iv I investigate the condition of labor and leisure in the capitalist society from Marx’s point of view; and consider Marxian conceptions “the realm of freedom” and “the realm of necessity” is considered in context of labor and leisure. Lastly, I analyze Herbert Marcuse’s critique of the advanced industrial society and the thoughts on “one dimensional man” it creates. I dwelled on the possibilities of technological developments, and the changes they bring about concerning labor and leisure, both as means of servitude and freedom. In the conclusion, I give a brief summary, and consider the similarities and differences among the views of Aristotle, Karl Marx and Herbert Marcuse concerning labor, leisure and freedom. Keywords: Labor, work, leisure, free time, freedom, the realm of necessity, the realm of freedom, alienation, contemplation, capitalism, advanced industrial society, communism. v ÖZ ARİSTOTELES, KARL MARX VE HERBERT MARCUSE’NİN FELSEFELERİNDE EMEK, BOŞ ZAMAN VE ÖZGÜRLÜK Kılınç, Doğan Barış Yüksek Lisans, Felsefe Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ş. Halil Turan Eylül 2006, 106 sayfa Bu çalışmanın amacı, Aristoteles, Karl Marx ve Herbert Marcuse’nin emek ve boş zaman hakkındaki düşüncelerinin özgürlük bağlamında bir incelemesini sunmaktır. Bu filozoflar, emek ve boş zaman kavramlarına dikkat çekmişlerdir ve özgürlük görüşleri, emek ve boş zaman arasında kurdukları ilişkiye dayalıdır. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak, emek, boş zaman ve özgürlük kavramlarına genel bir bakış sunmaktayım ve sonrasında, bu kavramların düşünce tarihinde nasıl ele alındığı göstermeye çalışıyorum. Aristoteles’in etik ve politik düşüncesinde emek ve boş zaman kavramlarının önemini inceliyorum. Aristoteles’in ideal devlet ve etik görüşü arasındaki bağlantıyı emek ve boş zaman bağlamında tartışıyorum ve Aristoteles’te en iyi yaşam biçimi ve özgürlük arasındaki ilişki sunuluyor. Bundan sonra, Karl Marx’ın insan doğası görüşünü ve yabancılaşma teorisini analiz vi ediyorum. Emek ve boş zamanın kapitalist toplumdaki durumunu, Marx’ın bakış açısından araştırıyorum ve Marksçı “özgürlükler alanı” ve “zorunluluklar alanı” kavramlarını emek ve boş zaman bağlamında ele alıyorum. Son olarak, Herbert Marcuse’nin ileri sanayi toplum eleştirisini ve onun yarattığı tek boyutlu insan üzerine Marcuse’nin düşüncelerini analiz ediyorum. Teknolojik gelişmelerin olanakları ve onların yol açtığı, hem kölelik hem de özgürlük aracı olarak emek ve boş zaman ilgili değişiklikler üzerinde duruyorum. Sonuçta, kısa bir özet sunuyor ve Aristoteles, Karl Marx ve Herbert Marcuse’nin emek, boş zaman ve özgürlük hakkındaki görüşlerindeki benzerlikler ve farklılıkları ele alıyorum. Keywords: Emek, çalışma, boş zaman, serbest zaman, özgürlük, özgürlükler alanı, zorunluluklar alanı, yabancılaşma, temaşa, kapitalizm, ileri sanayi toplumu, komünizm. vii To My Mermaid, Aynur Yılmaz viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to Halil Turan for his guidance and support during the preparation of my thesis. I would also like to thank all the members of my family, who did not deprive me of their care and support during my studies. I am especially grateful to Aynur Yılmaz. Without her smile I would remain dark. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM.........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................iv ÖZ............................................................................................................................vi DEDICATION.......................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................ix TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................x CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1 2. A BRIEF STORY OF LABOR, LEISURE AND FREEDOM IN THE HISTORY OF THOUGHT.................................. ..............................................12 3. LABOR, LEISURE AND FREEDOM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF ARISTOTLE...........................................................................................................20 3.1. Introduction..............................................................................20 3.2. Human Nature..........................................................................22 3.3. The Division of Labor..............................................................25 3.4. Labor and Leisure....................................................................29 3.5. The Best Way of Life...............................................................33 3.6. Freedom....................................................................................36 4. LABOR, LEISURE AND FREEDOM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF KARL MARX.........................................................................................................40 4.1. Introduction..............................................................................40 4.2. Human Nature..........................................................................43 x