La Vie et miracles de Nostre Dame de Jean Miélot: A Partial Critical Edition by John Reuning A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Romance Languages (French). Chapel Hill 2003 ii © 2003 John Rufus Reuning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ABSTRACT JOHN REUNING: La Vie et miracles de Nostre Dame de Jean Miélot: A Partial Critical Edition (Under the direction of Edward Montgomery) This text is a partial critical edition of La Vie et miracles de Nostre Dame compiled and translated from Latin by Jean Miélot. It covers roughly the first third of Bibliothèque Nationale MS français 9198, folios A ro through 49 ro. Contained in this portion of the manuscript are a genealogy of Mary, a prologue to the life of Mary attributed to Saint Jerome, accounts of the life and the assumption of Mary, two chantz baladez, and ten miracles. The complete manuscript, the first volume in a set of two, continues through folio 151 vo and includes 41 miracles in addition to the items listed above. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 La Vie et miracles de Nostre Dame de Jean Miélot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Index of Proper Names and Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Introduction This text is a partial critical edition of La Vie et miracles de Nostre Dame compiled and translated from Latin by Jean Miélot. It covers roughly the first third of Bibliothèque Nationale MS français 9198, folios A ro through 49 ro. Contained in this portion of the manuscript are a genealogy of Mary, a prologue to the life of Mary attributed to Saint Jerome, accounts of the life and the assumption of Mary, two chantz baladez, and ten miracles. The complete manuscript, the first volume in a set of two, continues through folio 151 vo and includes 41 miracles in addition to the items listed above. Scholarship concerning this text is rare. Only one previous edition exists for this manuscript. Alexandre de Laborde’s Les miracles de Nostre Dame, compilés par Jehan Miélot (1929), presents the material contained in Bibliothèque Nationale MS français 9198 and 9199. These two manuscripts represent volumes one and two of the collection of miracles written by Miélot. In addition to the text, Laborde’s work contains reproductions of the miniatures of the two manuscripts. However, Laborde excludes all of the material in MS français 9198 that precedes the miracles, as well as several passages labeled as “sermons” in the manuscript’s table of contents. Laborde’s edition also lacks modern critical technique. Spelling has been modernized in certain cases, and diacritical marks are sometimes inconsistent with modern practice.1 Editorial corrections and emendations are only rarely noted; expansion 1 See Foulet and Speer’s On Editing Old French Texts for a discussion of recommended critical practice. 2 of abbreviations is not marked. Finally, Laborde’s transcription itself is frequently inaccurate, not closely following the manuscript. This may have been the result of an effort to standardize the spelling in the text. However, Laborde makes no mention of this. Other treatments include Miracles de Nostre Dame Collected by Jean Miélot by George F. Warner, published in 1885. This edition covers Bodleian Library MS Douce 374, which contains approximately the same material as Bibliothèque Nationale MS français 9199 (Laborde 38). The relationship between all three manuscripts is somewhat unclear. Even though MS français 9198 and 9199 are paired in the Bibliothèque Nationale’s collection, MS français 9198 and MS Douce 374 have many similarities, leading to the theory that these two were created as a set. Laborde supports the view that these manuscripts should be paired and that MS français 9199 was produced later and is a copy of MS Douce 374 (35-36). Another work, Henri Omont’s Miracles de Notre Dame (1906), contains only reproductions of the miniatures in MS français 9198 and 9199. One linguistic study of Miélot’s work exists, Der Wortschatz des Jean Miélot by Annemarie Heinz (1964). While this study includes Laborde’s Les miracles de Nostre Dame, it focuses mainly on other texts by Miélot: Le Miroir de la Salvation humaine and Advis directif pour faire le voyage d’oultremer. 3 Authorship and Date The accepted author of this manuscript is Jean Miélot, secretary of Philippe le Bon, duc de Bourgogne during the period in which this manuscript was produced. The introductory line for the Assumption of Mary on folio 19 ro gives reference to “Jehan Milot” translating the work from Latin into French. The manuscript is itself dated as having been completed in 1456 in The Hague. The text finishes on folio 151 vo with the following sentence: “Cy fine le livre de la vie et miracles de Nostre Dame mere de Jhesus, qui fu finit a Le Haye en Hollande, le .xe. jour du mois d’avril, l’an de Nostre Seigneur mil quatrecens cinquante six.” Miélot translated numerous Latin texts into French for Philippe le Bon from 1448 to 1467 and then for his successor, Charles le Téméraire, from 1467 until 1472 (Laborde 20-21). Miélot’s work includes a translation of the Speculum humanae salvationis, lives of saints Catherine, Josse, and Thomas, and various other religious documents (Perdrizet 474-481). In addition to the production of texts for Philippe le Bon and Charles le Téméraire, Miélot served as a canon in the collegiate church of Saint-Pierre in Lille from 1453 to 1472 (Perdrizet 474). Preparation of the Text Effort has been taken to provide an accurate representation of the text as it occurs in the manuscript. The folios of the manuscript are indicated by separations in the edited 4 text with the folio number in square brackets. Corrections to the text have been made only when errors by the author are obvious. These changes are noted either in the text or in footnotes. Letters that were erroneously omitted by the scribe have been added in square brackets. Letters thought to be erroneous inclusions have been placed in parentheses and should be ignored by the reader. The letters i and j, which are indistinguishable in the manuscript, have been differentiated, as have u and v. All abbreviations have been expanded with the added letters marked with underscoring. Word separation is present in the manuscript; however, inconsistent or incorrect separation has been remedied. Modern punctuation has also been added. The folios are numbered according to the format adopted by Laborde in his edition: “19 cahiers de 8 feuillets, précédés de 3 feuillets préliminaires A. B. C.” (23). Language The language of this text is a clear example of Middle French. Dated as completed in 1456, it falls late within the range (the early fourteenth century through the end of the fifteenth) offered by Gardner and Greene in A Brief Description of Middle French Syntax (viii). Gardner and Greene highlight several characteristics of Middle French that are found in Miélot’s text: an -e termination for feminine forms, including the appearance of grande the appearance of beaucoup2 the disappearance of declensions frequent use of the relative adjective 2 Beaucoup occurs three times in the portion of the text covered by this partial edition, once as beaucop. 5 This text also exhibits characteristics of the Picard dialect, as outlined by Einhorn in Old French: A Concise Handbook (137-39): -s ending for second person plural verb forms use of le as a feminine direct object pronoun ie > i preceding a weak e The third item listed above appears frequently in this text as what Foulet and Speer describe in On Editing Old French Texts as a Picard past participle, “the reduction of -iee (disyllabic) to -ie (still disyllabic)” (68). Most of the feminine past participles of verbs ending in -ier exhibit this feature, for example “elle fu jugie” and “icelle tressainte et non soullie vierge Marie.” In addition, this text is marked by both complex sentence structure and instances of unusual syntax. Gardner and Greene describe Middle French sentences as “elaborately complex [...] made up of principal clauses with many dependent clauses within clauses” (147). Miélot’s text is no exception, as shown by the opening sentence in the second miracle: En la cité de Thoulecte ot jadis ung archevesque nommé Hildefons qui fu homme moult religieux et bien aorné de bonnes euvres, lequel aussy entre les autres estudes de ses bonnes operations amoit souverainement la glorieuse vierge Marie mere de Dieu, et tant comme il povoit, il le honnouroit en toute reverence, car en la loenge d’elle, il composa en tresjoieux stile ung moult solennel volume de sa tressainte et non pollue virginité, laquelle chose pleut tant a icelle benoite vierge Marie que elle luy apparu et vint tenir a ses mains ledit livre qu’il escripvoit et pour le salaire de son ouvraige elle luy rendy graces et mercys. (38 vo - 39 ro) Despite the complexity of the sentence, the meaning remains clear. However, at times, Miélot’s syntax proves quite unusual. Consider this phrase: “Lors le diable dist audit juif que Theophilus reniast Jhesucrist le fil de Marie et elle 6 aussy, car il les het tous beaucop deux [...]” (29 vo). One expects to find “beaucop tous deux” or even “tous deux beaucop.” Perhaps the scribe accidentally inserted “beaucop” too soon and did not correct himself. Another example of odd syntax occurs in the following: Cestuy religieux doncques prenoit aucunesfois aveucques aucuns de ses freres aucuns beuvrage pour la santé de son corps, mais y luy vint une langoreuse maladie dont il fu si tresfort actaint qu’il moru soudainement sans confession et sans recepvoir la sainte communion du corps de Jhesucrist, duquel frere l’ame fu tantost ravye de l’ancien ennemi d’enfer [...] (45 vo) One understands that the sudden death without the time to confess led to the loss of the monk’s soul. However, the last phrase is either poorly worded, or the scribe omitted one or two words. As previously mentioned, Miélot translated this material from earlier Latin texts. Perhaps the awkward syntax found in this text is a result of a direct, literal translation. Miniatures The text of this manuscript is interspersed with 59 miniatures, eighteen of which are present in the folios covered in this partial edition. Each image depicts a scene from the text, often from a passage or miracle immediately following the miniature. Both Laborde’s edition and Dogaer’s Flemish Miniature Painting in the 15th and 16th Centuries list this manuscript among the works of Jean le Tavernier, an illuminator employed by Philippe le Bon during the mid-15th century.3 3 Dogaer incorrectly states, regarding MS. français 9198, “Its other part is now in Oxford (Bodl. L., Douce 374). Mention should also be made of a second copy of the first part of Les Miracles de Notre- Dame, in Paris (B.N., fr. 9199); its second part has been lost” (71). This is probably the result of a