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La persuasione e la rettorica PDF

278 Pages·1972·7.944 MB·Italian
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SCRITTOIRTIA LIANI SEZIONFEI LOSOFIEC PAE DAGOGICA diretdtaa MicheFl.eS ciacca CARLO MICHELSTAEDTER LA PERSUASIONE E LAR ETTORCIA diM ARIAA .R ASCHINI a cura MARZORAT I E-D I TROE - MILANO Proprlieetttàe rriasreirav ata © Copyri1g9h7tb 2y M arzorati-eMdiiltaonroe , CL 23-0039-7 INTRODUZIONE CarlMoi chelstèau endotd eiqr u epie nsatcohreri e stavniov i nelt emppoi up eri probleamtit ravecrosnat tria gilcuac i­ ditcàh ep erl es oluziooffneir tme a pàpgamentao d etermi­ natees igeIns zueo.si c ridtetnise,iv ibrpautris en onm oltpie r lam ortper ecocishsainmnaaon, c oer fao rsseo prattougtgltiao funzidoins ec uotdearlieu ogchoim unnie qiu aloig n«i c ontem­ porane»ittrào visa u osio stedig cnoim odsov,e gliapnroe potente e ineluttialsb einlsedo e ll'essee rneznidaolaneco u tiolg iudi­ zios ut uttcoi òc heè effimeron,e llqau alsfioarsmiia n ganne­ volee d eludente. Natoa Goriznieal1 887d,aA lberMtioc helstadeidrtie­r, gentdee ll'UffidceiloAl ses icuraGzeinoenriad liTi r ieset dea, EmmaL uzza(tpteor iato at,t antaannonvniee,1 l 943i nu nc am­ pod ic oncentracmoennl tafio g,l ia Elda, vpietrtsiemcau ­delle zionria zzicaolmip)ni,e llcai tntaàt agllesi t udmie dis inaol raggiungidmeelnmltaaot urciltaàs suincaap ;e culiaatrtei tudine deslu oi ngeganlolm ea tematlioci hned usas ien traprenldoe rne studpiroe sls'oU nivedriVs iietnàn maa,u ns oggioar Fnior enze glmia turlòav ocazipoenrle el ettcelraes sipcehrle eq, u alniu ­ triuvnag ustion noa tgei cào ltivAa Ftior.e npzeer tasniit soc ris­ sea lc orsdoiL ettere, perimnqa uneelncldiaot pteàr q uattro anniin terrsootlttiad natb or evrii toar Gnoir izei daa q ualche viaggSiaor.e bibmep ropdriiroce h es eguiic orcsoin s uccesso, poichpéi,u ttolsast uoaa, c uteczrziat eil cesa u ec apacità dialet­ ticahgei vacnoon temporaneaalmle'natpep reon daeil mle'natssi­ milaziiomnper imeanldlosa u ap reparaziilco anrea ttdeiur nea formazifoonret emepnetres onalilzosz tartuam;e finltool o,g ico possedusteog ncaoh ep otesvcar ivdeirree ttaimneg nrteecc oo n elegaeno zrai gindaild iettàt agtlosi,e rpveirl ap enetradzeilo ne signifidcealtlloea t teradteulrplaoa,e sidae,l fillao sogfirae cIa . presocrlaoat ffiacsic inaerdeo gnloni et raspsreo fomnodtii dvii meditazione sttrlaaa bl iolrpeoan rdoodl iap oeti-fileol saso ufia inquietduidu ionmeod egallib odreisl e coXlXo,u nac orrispon- 5 denzdaia cceqnutail feo,r sèed ,a troi sconstorlaforr Neai etzsche e gir andi tdrealGglriaec cii maa;t utctioeò g lmie tteavf ar utto inu nd isincaqnutaantrtoio g orcoosnof roindteoat lreia lp erenne senso tdraeglvilicato ea l ei deolocgoinet empordainm eoel,t e delqluea rlie spingpeevrsa o,ff erta perlseus aosliuozneiedio,­n i ficanet «i c ostru»t,te i lvefie n alsiotràr edtatf ea coitltii mismi. Nonè possibai plreo,p osdietlMo i chelstadeidstteirn,g uere lav itdaa lp ensienroons, o lmoa,p arladreels uop erioudno­i versitèa griiàpo a rladriee n tramgbliai:n ndi'u niverisni­tà, fattfiu,r onaon chqeu eldleil lsau am aturaziinotneel leet tuale critiec fau,r onion sietmuet tlaas uav itcah,e s ib rucailòl o scadedreeqi u attarnond ii c orsroi:e ntar Gaotroi znieal l'estate del1 91p0e rd edicaraslilt ae sdiil auresap,ed iat Foi renilz e primvoo lumdee ltleas ei t erminialst eoc onldaom ,a ttidneal 17o ttobsriue c cicsoenu nc olpdoir ivoltle'lalvaet;vo aldt aa pooc adu na micpoe,rp recauzSitoantdeoi.t ensieo dniee sau­ rimenpteori ll avoarcoc aneii tnot ensspoi,e gaalncou snuii;c idio « metafis»i cchaeh al as uar agiopnreo fonnedlatl raa gisceintzàa sperandzeals uop ensiearffoe,r maanlot rQiu.e lc heè certo, Michelstacehdelt 'earm,iG caoe toa Cnhiavagcicuid icdaovtaa to div olonfteàr rdeiad ,e licatissesnismiab idliii nttàe,l laectut­o tissiumnoi,at d io tfiis icdhief orzea a gilniotnàc omunnio,nè plausibeip lemnesnatbciolmeeu ng iovalnece u ein ergsioec com­ banaoll os fordiz os tesudriua n at esdiil aurea. Nons taa noi giudli'caatcrtoeoni lq ualMei chelstaedter sceldsiem oriarnez icdhicé o ntinuaa vriev erCeir. e stagnloi scrintetiqi u alpie,n siasmtola,a r ispao asltldao mandcah el 'ha tormentpaetriob revfie condiasnsnidime il sluaav itsai,n aol la tragica driiqs upemolas tttai anuot unnèap loes:s ipbeirll 'eu omo conferuinrv ea lore asaslso uloeu stios tere? Pochgil,si c ridtetMlii chelstapeedrtseorn;a lnieslsslitomi il e chef ar ivivienrm eo doo riginlaapl eec ulisatrreu ttduerllaa sintagsrseics ao,ff erdtimi e ditpaatsas ieosnies tenrziicacdlhiei , unac ultura criticaem neonbtielm efinvltitev.r Ma aitcah elstaed­ tefru a nchpeo etaan,c hseen onf orssoep ratot puotettlae;s ue Poesioes ciltlralana oc ontempladzeilonlnaaet uer laa m edita­ zionee,p, u rs en ont occalnevo e tdteel lliara i,sc onfoo rtemente espresdsiiu vnead upliicnec linaczhieio nnl euv ii vevialr: i pie­ gamento dolorvoasnoid tesàlu clloels ace u,fi a e cceziionln uei soltalnact aop acdiist eàn tiinrp er ofonidr iatpàp orti d'amicizia, 6 d'amodreeg,al ffie tutmia npii ua utent(iccfPiro .e siae S enia); el 'incantdaemlenlnaatt ou rqau,a ssio gndo' evasliiobneer atrice. Ma l'evasèis oenmep rceo sciednist éec, o scih ee ssgal rie stitui­ scoeg nvio lltaos timoallloam editazDiaolnc ee.r chdieollt ar a­ gedinao ns ie scseen onp err aggiunguenmape i us offerctoan sa­ pevole«z Azhai:n, o nc 'mèa rei nc uip resos loo ntaln voa ria sponndoan g raveiv ,a rvieon tlon ont oldgaal sloal itpaarcilea , marneo nè c hen ons iuan d emia ril,a nchielm arèeu nd eserto senzvai tla a,r idtor isfteer maoff atic».a to Ilm omentmoe ditaatvivvool egi en clude sempproee ­quello tic-o ilp adrrei mprovae arlalpveo esdieelfi gliuon e ccesso difi loso-fiae lap oessieam brnaa scearlle' intdie runnao riflessitoannets,oo fferqtuaa nteos teriormente scuoln tenuta, sensdoe ll'esisDtieq nuzeas.ut nai tdà' ispiraez ainocnhdeee, l ­ l'attitduedlMi inceh elstaae cdotnetre nienrf eo rmdia riserbo, quasdiip udorielp, r oprmioon doi nterièo trees,t imonianza l'Epistorlaacrciooe;l tpou bblicdaatlCo h iavarcicuin,i lsec e testimonqiuaontzied idaiun nea v itbar evismsai msac avaitna profondigtlàai;ff etti, edfi enliiscsaitmia mente- esspper­essi cialmeinnat lec ulneet taelrlema a dr-e sonsot altais uas ola possibdiicl oimtuàn icsaesr tee sMsaoc .o municanzoinoè nc eo n­ fessioen Mei,c helstaneodnst eicr o nfemsasia: i lm omento espresès sievmop rienl umie diazidio lnàed allaq ualleas ua personamluilttài fosricm eel cao ni lr iserbo pdrico hip hrai o inq ualcsheeg remtias ugriaàs offeret sec ontatei mcpoomses i­ biltiu tlteep ossibdiellci otmàu nicianar uet enticità. Centian daipi agimnaen oscrliatstceia,al tlseau am ort(ec fr. Scrivtatriii ,nC .M .,O perea, c urdai G .C hiavaFcicrie,n ze, 195)8,di l àd almloal tepldieciti etmàti oc catei s,e mprceo lti cone ssenzidaigl iiutdài ez pieon etrafilzoisonoefie c car itsicia , compongpoenruo n idt'ài spirina zuino'noep era ocrhgesa unli ca piandoe lclrai tliectat erea filroisao fiocgaig p uòo ffriurnea t e­ stimonisaingznai ficdaetllitave am perculiteu radleei p rimissimi anndie l' 900i;n p articodlealcr lei,m oav efi oriroqnuoe gli « ultirmoim ant-iccoim sec riAslsbee rStpoa i-ni. n.a.t lias u, fral eA lpii,lC arseo i lm ar»e, q ualSic ipSiloa tapGeira,n i StuparAiucghu,s Sttor indbFearlgcM,oa riaMna. r ispeat ctoo­ storMoi chelstaseipd utòde irr ceh ef ur omantiincs oe nspoi u latoo,,f orsnee,l mlias uirnac upiu òe ssdeert troo mantoigcnoi spirriitboe eli lnes offerdeenltslete r utturmaoznidoanneied elle categoriziznatzeilolneidt itf uraolnaitl,elq eu aldii sconoogsnic e possitbrialnes azEigolinine f.a ttaill-acui versatilità d'ingegno 7 nullear ian differee numtsei,cl ae,t teratteautr:filraoo,s, o fisac,i en­ zal,o v edevacnoom peteen atceu tiscsriimto-i ctor amiltae pagina scritta inte rsapsefroireemsnaizvsaat enizf iearlmee nti intelledtetlsu uaotl eim ppoe rp otecrolgil iienur nes ignificato valipdeorl 'uomdois empre. Los criptrtion cirpeasltteua t talavs iuaat esdiil aurpeuab,­ blicaptoas tuma {G1en9o1v3cao)l,t itoLlao p ersuasei onlea rettordiacV al adimAirraon gRiuoi czh ec,o ni lC hiavagclcii , eras tatcoo mpagdnios tudQiu.e st'oepbebraeal terdei zioni: conl 'aggiduenlltAeap pendiccrii tiec lhoes criItltp or ediletto puntdo' appogdgeilold ai aletstoiccraa tfiucp au,b bliac cautraa delc ugiEnmoi lMiioc helsta(eFditreern1 z9e2,2 e) d;a u ltimo ac urdaiG aetaCnhoi avafcucc oim prenseal rlaac coclotmap leta delOlpee r(eF iren1z9e5,8i )n,s ieamlle' Epistoela agrlSiico r itti vari. Lap artizione èd seelgln'aodtpaaeid r uaet ermilna«i p ,e r­ suasi»o en lea « r etto»r,ic chaeM ichelstaaesdstuemirena nti­ tesria dicea nliseo rmontaAblil«la re e.t to»r eigclavi e dceo nse­ gnatiold estidneol l'ucohmeon,,o nc onsistoenntdool ogicamen­ te«,s ifi ngel ap ersocnhae g lmia nc»a a ttravlearm seod ia­ zionien telleet tstuoarlieac qau:e sta finlz'iuoonmèeo p erò spindtaol lvai tsat escshae d,e finibciolmee« c orreladtii vità coscie»,nc zhei eld'ea ltneerliqltueàa lsfioarsmiqe u alset rumen­ ton ecessdaerlilpoar oprcioan servazTiuotntceoi. òc heè ,è correlaatdia vlot( rèo" X(X.'t'a't' L") :d aq uestpou ntdoi v ista ogncio struzdieolpn een siee dreol l'auzmiaonnnaeo nè cheu n servirzeisoao l lq>aL À.o�,vc xiioa(X.èl l'amvoirlpeee rl av ita, di cugil uio mini sosncoh igailvliil ,du iss ie rvais rees tessi. L'affer­ mazione dellas inpgeoorl ssaooc niaa,lè e s,e mpre menizlo gna cueis iètl o' afferma«zs ieomnpeirrer azieov niaollee »n ctoan tro cicòh ep urè staitlom ezzcoh el 'hpae rmesisnaf;a tlt'iuo,m o, ches id àu nac onsistaetntzraa vleers stor uttpuerres onoa li sociailnqi u,a ntcoo stituzionnaeèl pmreinvtsoeis, e rvpeo id i taliel lus«op reiras o»n pae ro pporcloam er eaelm ee ritoria agli altirnid ivoi adlulisa o cieDtaàlc. i rccohliou dseol «lr aetto»r ica nons ip uòu scisrene o nc oni lr ifiudtiot utitm io dico ni quali l'uonmeog laa v anidteàsl u oe sseer dee ls uoe sserec imi;o di sonop,e rM ichelstateudtttdeoòrc ,h es olitamseicn otset ruisce es ip ens«ac omev alo»r,se u pli andoe lnlaat urdae,ls lcai enza, dels apeer dee llfial osodfieaal, ls ocieet dàe llsat orPiiau.s i 8 allairlgc ae rchdieol mleadi azioen peu,ò e ssearmep liastion o all'asspoilusu it« os,t abil» ilz'zial l,up soiiocnlheaéc orrelati­ vitcàh,eè l al eggdee ll'esisatceqnzuai,su inas zcoen ian finidtia estensieb diilf irtuài zimoanp er:o prpieorq uesstioa mplifica sinaol l'assloaml euntzoo glnaac ,u im assiemsap resspiuoòn e essesriela ' affermadzeiloln'ea scsoomletu atlose i,ae ,q uivalente­ mentpee ril Nostrloac, o ncessdiiuo nnv ea loarses olau ctioò cheè c ontingeen ctoer relaMteitvaofi.s, ri eclaigimoonrea,ld ea, unl ateo s,o cioleocgoinao,m pioal,i tdiaclal,' aslite rqou,i val­ gonol:' esisntoennh zaac heu nal eggceh,ea llraa ditcoeg lie validaidot gàni a ltcrhael 'uolmeop ossrai conosoc ceornef erire, edè l al eggdee slu os tesssuos sisitnfe urnez ido'nael tTruot.t o cicòh ee sispteerd, e finizeiosnsee ncdoor relatpievrid teàfi-nai,­ zionneo n-«èU:n p espoe ndaed u ng ancieo p,e rp endseorff re chen onp uòs cendenroenp: u òu scidraegl a ncipoo,i cqhuéa nt'è peso peen qduea,n tpoe nddei penLdoev .o glioa smoddisfare: lol iberidaamlosl uaa d ipendelnozl aa;s ciaanmdoa rceh,es azi las uaf amdee lp iub.a sseo s,c enidnad ipendfiennoat ceh es ia contednits oc endeMrae i.nn esspuunn troa ggiufnetrom alros i acconteen vtuao,pi u rs cendecrheéi, lp rossipmuon tsou pera inb asseqzuzeal clhoee ssoog nvio lttean gEa n.e ssudneopi u nti futusrair tàa ldea a ccontencthaern leoc,e sssaarriaàol lsau a vitfian,t ancthoel oa spet(otcp ip a&:v !J.É"VaUù ·t6-v)p iub asso; ma ognvio ltfaa ttpor esenotgen,pi u not glsia rfàa ttvou oto d'ogni atntornap tituei svsae npdioub asscoo;s cfh ei no gni punteos smoa ncdae piu ntpii ub asesv ii eppqiuuei sl toa ttrag­ gonos:e mprleot ienuen 'ugufaalm ed elp iub asseo i,n finita glrie sptuar s emprleav olondtisà c endeCrhees. e i nu np unto glfio ssfien itea i,n u np untpoo tespsoes sedle'rien fisncietno­ dere dellf'uitnufirnioinq,t u oe plu nteos snoo ns arebpbieu quelclhoeè :u np eso. Las uav itèa q uesmtaan candzeaal sluav itQau.a ndeos so nonm ancaspsieud in ienmtaef ,o sfisnei tpoe,r fetptoos:s edesse ses tesessos,ao v rebfibnei tdo' esisItlpe erseèo. sae s tsesiom ­ pedimean tpoo sseldaesr u av itea n,o nd ipenpdieud aa ltro ched as es tesisnoc iòc hen ong liè datodi soddisfarsi. Ilp esnoo np uòm aie ssepre rsua».s1 o All'uodmeol rleat torMiiccah,e lstcaoendttrearp lp'ounoem o dell«ap ersuas»i.L oan «ep ersuasèi iolnp eo ssepsrseos ente 1L ap ersuaesl iaro entet oqruiiac ap1,.7 . 9 delplrao prviiat» a;m a lav iteas sencdiocò h ep erd efinizione non-lèap, e rsuasionen ec«lop nossissetpsers eos e»nditeq uesta veriÈt là'.a tteggidaemleln'tulooi mboeo r daato gnein gagement dac ui l'anièm aas sen-tee talèe,a confrodnetlol 'assoluta richimeiscthae lstaedotgenirimi paengadn,eo al r lagiosneem,p re astraet itlal usocroimaeo, g ini mpegnpor at,ia csoservailtloa q>tÀ.o�ux;ll 'r:x.a ssodleultvlooa l onstoàld aif ronat see s tessa - comel os cogclhieol ef orcziee cdheeml a rneo ns calfiscMoan o. qualèe l av iaa llpae rsuasiQounaen?d hoa i niziildo i stacco dall'asseravlilm'eanmvtoiorl peee rl av itcah et utttor avolge sottleoa pparednezblee ned,e vle rod,e lg iusto? Alla« persuas»i noonnce ' vèi ag ifàa tcthae g uidini o stri passnio;nl as ip uòi ndiccaornne e ssufnoar muolcac;o rcrhee ciascsuinf oa ccia read seens ttoerssesc oa vanndeolv iov della proprviiaat c onu n attdoi v olon«t pàe rsu»a psiau f ortdei tutlteef orzter aednetlicl oar relalzaicoenrea,ln emd aog ldieel sapersec,o modalnedt or amvei taOlcic.o rlrieb erla'rien dividuo dalsluaa s ingolarità, ddaelltale ergmgdieen lacltoaar relatività, percnhaés ca, nuovo,l 'usoomlloii tbaerrdiaaotl,otl rea mceo n­ fortatnetsis nuetlel 'elemenota op pvrietsdatalaletml eea d iazione intelletptourasnliee l;sl iat uazeisoinset enzainaalleoa g qau ella dels ilennzoitot urcnhoes coplraep recardiieq tuàe llrae altà tantsou adeanltlleau cdee gli ornSoo.lq ou esnteag atsiavpai enza ched icenidlno o stnruol ldai clea v eristuàln ostersoi stere, consecntheen onv addias perlsaa« d isperdaetvao zi»o pneer laq uale alln'ounèo dmaot aol cuong getatdoe guasteon ,o n quelclhoev ivnee ll'usotmeosc soom ein finictaap acdiipt oàr tare ilp esdoe ls uon on-essere. Ma «i ld olovreen nfer gal uio mineide ssnio nl or iconob­ ber»o: l ap arotlraa gicavmeerncathe ec onfinnae mlo nddoe lla illusliaofil noes ofiea l am oralleas, c ieeni zlap rogrelsars eol,i ­ gionee l as torcioam,e r isuldtiau tni' ardtipe e rsuadceorne l'adulazeisoidnteiiu, n 'immaxnoer:x.À. XELcht:X.e a desgclaiu o ­ minfii ngenldoor uon ac onsistcehnez an hoann not,u ttcoi ò, scriMviec helsta«edi dstseerra oiG recPia rmeniEdrea,c lito, Empedocmlae A,r istoltiet lrea tdtaòn aturailniesstpie lrot i; dissSeo cramtae c,i f abbricasruqo unaot tro sLiosd tiesmsie. l'Ecclemsail aots rtaet taerl oosn poi egacroomnelo i bsraoc .r;.o . lod isCsrei setc oif abbricsaurl oaCn hoi esLaodi. s seErsoc hilo e Sofocel Sei monied ega,lI it alilaopn rio clamò Ptertiroanr­ca falmenltore i,p ectoénd olore Leompaa grludioi m;i nfiu rono lorgor adteii b eiv ersei s,e n ef ecoe grenelreit terSaear ii . lO

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