“Korean Wave in World Englishes provides an innovative analysis of the effect of Korean popular cultures on the English language. It offers new insight into the Korean Wave and its linguistic impact on World Englishes. Readers learn how a new influx of Korean words is making the English language ‘more diverse and beautiful’. This book is highly recommended for readers who are interested in Korean Studies, the Korean Wave, the diversification of the English language, and lexicography.” Hyejeong Ahn (PhD), Senior Lecturer, Language and Literacy Education, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, the University of Melbourne Korean Wave in World Englishes This book examines the linguistic impact of the Korean Wave on World Englishes, demonstrating that the K-Wave is not only a phenomenon of popular culture, but also language. The “Korean Wave” is a neologism that was coined during the 1990s that includes K-pop, K-dramas, K-film, K-food, and K-beauty, and in recent years it has peaked in global popularity. This book intends to show how social media phenomena have facilitated the growth of Korea’s cultural influence globally and enabled a number of Korean origin words to settle in varieties of Englishes. This in turn has globalised Korean origin words and revolutionised the English language through an active and collaborative process of lexical migration. Korean origin words such as oppa (older brother) are no longer bound solely to Korean- speaking contexts. The study focuses primarily on media content, particularly social media, corroborated by case studies to examine how linguistic innovation has been engendered by the Korean Wave. Suitable for students and researchers of Korean linguistics, Korean culture, Korean popular culture, and translation studies, this book is the first detailed study of the global linguistic impact of the Korean Wave. Brittany Khedun-Burgoine is a DPhil student in Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford, UK. She has presented her research at several international conferences including the International Association for World Englishes, the Asian Association for Lexicography, and the Sociolinguistics Symposium. Her current research explores the global anglophone K-pop fandom’s creative use of Korean words to create new and individualised meanings. Jieun Kiaer is a Professor of Korean Linguistics at the University of Oxford, UK. She is the Series Editor for Routledge Studies in East Asian Translation and publishes widely on lexical interaction between East Asian languages and Englishes. Her recent publications include The History of English Loanwords in Korean (2014), Translingual Words: An East Asian Lexical Encounter with English (Routledge 2018), and Delicious Words: East Asian Food Words in English (Routledge 2020). She is also acting as a Korean consultant for the Oxford English Dictionary (2021–). Routledge Studies in East Asian Translation Series Editors: Jieun Kiaer, University of Oxford, UK Amy Xiaofan Li, University College London, UK Routledge Studies in East Asian Translation aims to discuss issues and challenges involved in translation between Chinese, Japanese and Korean as well as from these languages into European languages with an eye to comparing the cultures of translation within East Asia and tracking some of their complex interrelationships. Most translation theories are built on translation between European languages, with only few exceptions. However, this Eurocentric view on language and translation can be seriously limited in explaining the translation of non-European literature and scholarship, especially when it comes to translating languages outside the Indo-European family that have radically different script forms and grammatical categories, and may also be embedded in very different writing traditions and cultures. This series considers possible paradigm shifts in translation theory, arguing that translation theory and practice need to go beyond European languages and encompass a wider range of literature and scholarship. On Translating Modern Korean Poetry Jieun Kiaer, Anna Yates-Lu and Mattho Mandersloot Missionary Translators Translations of Christian Texts in East Asia Jieun Kiaer, Alessandro Bianchi, Giulia Falato, Pia Jolliffe, Kazue Mino and Kyungmin Yu Understanding Korean Film A Cross-Cultural Perspective Jieun Kiaer and Loli Kim Korean Wave in World Englishes The Linguistic Impact of Korea’s Popular Culture Brittany Khedun-Burgoine and Jieun Kiaer Pragmatics in Korean and Japanese Translation Jieun Kiaer and Ben Cagan For more information about this series, please visit: www .routledge. com /languages/ series /RSEAT Korean Wave in World Englishes The Linguistic Impact of Korea’s Popular Culture Brittany Khedun-Burgoine and Jieun Kiaer First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Brittany Khedun-Burgoine and Jieun Kiaer The right of Brittany Khedun-Burgoine and Jieun Kiaer to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-19101-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-32667-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-20041-0 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9780429200410 Typeset in Times New Roman by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Contents Acknowledgements ix A Note on Korean Romanisation x 1 Introduction 1 Twenty-Six Korean Words in the Oxford English Dictionary 1 Birth of Hallyu Words – Translingual Words 3 2 Translation: The Real K-Drama? 13 Korean-English Translation Troubles 13 Translating the “Untranslatable” 16 “Manufactured Cuteness”: Translating Aegyo 20 Actual Brother or Boyfriend? The Kinship Question 26 Squid Game’s Subtitle Shambles? 33 Fan Translators at the Core of K-Pop 37 Conclusion 40 3 “Gomawo Pretty Unnie Saranghae!” 42 Note on Korean Romanisation 42 International Fandom and Korean Language Collide 42 Categorising the Fandom Lexicon 45 Words of Korean Origin in General Usage 46 The Global Oppa 48 Other Korean Words 51 Korean Terms from the Korean K-Pop Fandom 52 Internet Vernacular and Fandom Culture 55 K-Pop Fandom Vernacular 58 Conclusion 62 viii C ontents 4 Korean Food Words: Chimaek, Mukbang, and Beyond 65 Korean Food Words in the OED 65 New Korean Food Words 67 Sound Footage and the Influence of K-Dramas and K-Film 74 Romanisation of Korean Food Words 80 Conclusion 81 5 “Where Clean Nature and Healthy Beauty Coexist Happily” 82 The Mythology of K-Beauty: The Junction of Nature and Science 82 Pure Ingredients from Jeju Island: Innisfree 84 Beauty Influencers Influencing Language 87 K-Beauty Glossaries: Deciphering the Lexicon 89 Essences, Ampoules, and Serums: Unfamiliar Englishes 91 Koreanised Englishes 93 Translating Beauty 95 Conclusion 98 6 Discussion 107 Bibliography 109 Index 114 Acknowledgements We are grateful to Routledge publishers and the editors for their unwavering patience. Brittany Khedun-Burgoine wishes to thank Natalia Otero Herrera, Ali Zahoor, and Jaclyn Smith for their kindness, wisdom, and good vibes. Jieun Kiaer would like to thank Loli Kim and Claire Percival for editorial help. Jieun also wishes to express thanks to the Korea Foundation for supporting her fieldwork in 2021. This work was supported by the Core University Program for Korean Studies of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the Korean Studies Promotion Service at the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-2021-OLU-2250004).