Korean Grammar Guidebook Table of Contents 1. Korean Alphabet History And Introduction 2. The Korean Alphabet 3. Basic Grammar • Sentence Order 1 • 5W1H 4 • Particles - 는, 도, 를, 가, 에 6 • Pronouns- This, It, That 9 • Nouns - Present, Past 10 • Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs 12 • Nouns - Numbers and Counting 13 • Adjectives - Present, Past 18 • Adjectives - Polite [Present, Past] 20 • Adjectives - Descriptive 22 • Adjectives - Connective 26 • Verbs - Present, Past 29 • Verbs - Polite [Present, Past] 34 • Verbs - Future [Will] 36 • Verbs - Continuous 39 • Verbs - Connective 41 • Verbs - Can 44 • Verbs - Have 47 • Verbs - Want 50 • Verbs - Descriptive I 54 • Verbs - Descriptive II 56 • Verbs - Speech 58 • Adverbs - 부사 60 • Particles - 께/에게/한테 62 • Particles - 으로/로 64 • Particles - 에서, 까지 66 • Particles - 만 [only] 68 • Possessive - 의 69 • Conjunctions - And 71 • Conjunctions - But 72 • Conjunctions - But [는데/은데] 74 • Conjunctions - Because, So 76 • Conjunctions - Because [때문에] 78 • Conjunctions - If 80 • Conjunctions - When 81 • Conjunctions - While 83 2. Advanced Grammar • Comparatives & Superlatives 87 • Imperatives - 해, 하지마 89 • Have to - 해야 한다 91 • Allowed to - 해도 된다 94 • I like doing - 하는게 좋다, 하는걸 좋아한다 97 • I think - ~고 생각해 (Opinion) 100 • I think - 하는 거 같애 (General) 101 4. Special Expressions • Are you doing? - ~는 거야? [Informal] 107 • Are you doing? - ~시는 거예요? [Polite] 109 • To do something - ~기 위해 112 • Try doing - 해 보다 113 • Of course, I've done it before - 해봤죠 115 • Give the favour of doing - 해 주다 117 • Would you like to go? - 갈래요? 119 • Shall we do something? - 우리 뭐 할까? 120 • It's cold, isn't it? - 춥지요? 121 • Let's do it - 하자 123 • Easy to do / Difficult to do - ~기 쉽다 / ~기 어렵다 125 • I know how - 어떻게 하는지 알아 127 • I'm in the habit of - ~되면 ~게 돼요 129 • Addressing people 131 The Korean Alphabet: An Introduction History and Form The Korean alphabet (called "Hangul" in Korean) was developed by a team of scholars under KingSe-jong (1397-1450) of the Yi Dynasty and is the most recently invented and most scientifically designed alphabet in the world. "Hangul" has only 21 vowel/vowel combinations and 19 consonants, 5 of which are the same symbol repeated twice and 5 of them are simply a consonant with the addition of an accent mark. That makes a total of only 30 basic character shapes to be learned. Due to western influence "Hangul" is often written from left to right and top to bottom like English, but can also be written from top to bottom and right to left like Chinese. Each letter of the alphabet is a simple shape that represents a sound, (some characters change sounds or just have a harder sound depending on their location in the syllable). Example: The Korean letter "ㄱ" sounds like a G in the initial position in a syllable and like a K in the final position in a syllable as we can see in the word "국 Guk," Here the letter "ㄱ" sounds like G because it is in the initial position in the syllable. 국 Between the two consonants is the vowel "ㅜ"; it is represented by a U and sounds like the oo in Pool. And the "ㄱ" here in the final position sounds like a K. "국 Guk" is the Korean word for country. (The sound changes are recorded on the last page and are easy to follow). Each word in Korean is broken down into syllables which are composed of 2 to 4 characters; every syllable starts with a consonant and has a vowel in it. For example: The word for Korea in Korean is "한국Han guk"; here is a breakdown of the letters and syllables for the word "Han guk" Syllable #1. Consonant; "ㅎ" sounds like the letter H as in hotel. 한 Vowel; "ㅏ" sounds like the letter A as in father. And the "ㄴ" here in the final position sounds like an N. Syllable #2. Consonant; "ㄱ" sounds like the letter G in the initial position. 국Vowel; "ㅜ" is represented by the letter U and sounds like oo as in pool. Consonant; "ㄱ" same as the first letter but sounds like a K because it is in the final position in the syllable. Although the words are written in syllables they are pronounced in a continuous flow. Every word in Korean starts with a consonant and has a vowel; however, the location of the vowel can change in relation to the first consonant depending on which vowel is used. For example; "ㅇ" is a consonant which is silent and has no voiced sound in the initial position and "ㅣ" is a vowel which sounds like the i in machine. Because the long axis of the vowel "ㅣ" is up and down it is placed on the right side of the consonant like this "이" so this syllable sounds like ee as in Lee, the first letter is silent and the second letter sounds like the i in machine. Other vowels like "ㅡ", which sounds like the oo in good have a long axis that runs from side to side; therefore, they are placed underneath the initial consonant like this "으" so this syllable will sound like the oo from good. Every one of the vowels fits into either the group with the long axis up and down like "ㅏ,ㅐ,ㅑ,ㅒ,ㅓ,ㅔ,ㅕ,ㅖ andㅣ" which are placed on the right of the consonant; into the group with the long axis from left to right like "ㅗ,ㅛ,ㅜ,ㅠ and ㅡ" which are placed under the consonant; or those vowels which have both an up and down long axis and a left to right long axis in the same vowel. These vowels are combinations of 2 vowels like "ㅢ" which is a combination of "ㅡ" and "ㅣ" or "ㅟ" which is a combination of "ㅜ" and "ㅣ"; and the following "ㅘ,ㅙ,ㅚ,ㅝ,ㅞ" which go under and to the right of the consonant like this "의,위" Syllable Positions 1. Words in Korean are formed by groups of syllables. 2. Every syllable must start with a consonant and have a vowel. 3. The following vertical vowels go along side the initial consonant like this: "아,애,야,얘,어,에,여,예,이" 4. The following horizontal vowels go under the initial consonant like this: "오,요,우,유,으" 5. These vowel combinations go to the right and under the consonant like this; "와,왜,외,워,웨,위,의" 6. There are only six patterns for the formation of syllables. C = Consonant, V = Vowel. C C V as in "파" (green onion) as in "코" (nose) V C C V V as in "급" (urgent) as in "김"(seaweed) C C these are the 4 most common forms. Those that have two different consonants in the final position like C C V as in "닭" (chicken) V as in "흙”(dirt) C C C C are not that common. 7. The sounds of some consonants change depending on their position in the syllable, for example: "ㅅ" has an S sound when it is the first (initial) consonant in a syllable but changes to a T sound when it is the last (final) consonant in a syllable. Handy Word and Phrase List Vocabulary Handy phrases Pleased to meet 한국사람 Korean (person) 반갑습니다 you. 미국사람 American (person) 오래간만입나다 Long time no see Please give me 언제 When noun + 주세요 + noun. 오늘 Today 갑시다 Let's go! 내일 Tomorrow 한국돈 Korean money 지금 Now 미국돈 American money 어제 Yesterday noun + 좋아합니다 I like noun. How have you 나중에 Later 어떻게지냈어요 been? Where are you 친구 Friend 어디갑니까? going? 여자 Woman 들어오세요 Please come in. 남자 Man 앉으세요 Please sit down. 안녕하세요 Hi 얼마입니까? How much is it? 아침식사 Breakfast 감사합니다 Thank You. 점심식사 Lunch 당신 이름이 무엇입니까? What's your name? My name is 저녁식사 Dinner 제이름이 + name + 입니다 + name. 좋습니다 Good 이것이 무엇입니까? What is this? 나쁩니다 Bad 다시 말해주세요 Please say it again. Please speak 아가씨 Young lady 천천히 말해주세요 slowly. Can you speak 아줌마 Ma'am 영어 할줄압니까? English? 아저씨 Mister, Sir 실례합니다 Excuse me! 미안합니다 Sorry 또봅시다 See you again. 식당 Restaurant noun + 어디 있읍니까? Where is the noun? 화장실 Bathroom noun + 원합니다 I want a + noun. 전화 Telephone 가고 싶습니다 I want to go. I want to eat 아니요 No noun + 먹고 싶습니다 + noun. I want to buy 네 Yes noun + 사고 싶습니다 + noun. 어디 Where 저는 피곤합니다 I'm tired. 왜요 Why 저는 배고픕니다 I'm hungry. The above table is a list of words phrases in "Hangul" that you can use to practice reading. If you practice with these words you will quickly develop an understanding of "Hangul," and your visit to Korea will be much more enjoyable as you will have a better understanding of the language, and hence the country, you are visiting. Grammar Notes 1. Korean sentence structure follows this pattern: Subject (Subject marker) Verb, as in: 식당(이) 어디 있읍니까? (where is a restaurant?) More complex sentences incorporate an Object and an Object marker: Subject (subject marker) Object (Object marker) Verb, like this; 저(는) 한국(을) 좋아합니다 (I like Korea.) 2. The understood subject is often dropped in Korean as it is in English; so the sentence above can become: 한국(을) 좋아합니다 ([I] like Korea), the understood subject "I" is dropped. 3. Adjectives always go in front of the nouns: Adjective Subject (Subject marker) Adjective Object (Object marker) Verb, like this: 미국 사람(은) 매운 음식(을) 좋아합니다 (which means; Americans like spicy food) 매운 = spicy. 4. Adverbs go in front of the Verb: Adverb Verb, as in: 많이 주세요 (give me a lot).