Lecture Notes in Physics Eitod by H. Araki, Kyoto, J. Ehlers. Mnchan, K. Hepp, 2irich R. Kippennahn, Munchen, D. Ruste, Bures-sur-Yuetto H.A We denmiller, Heidelberg, J. Wass, Katsruhe and J. Zitartz, Kn Managing Exitor: W, Biglotick 329 A. Heck F. Murtagh (Eds,) Knowledge-Based Systems in Astronomy A Topical Volume with Contributions by A. Accomazzi H.-M. Adorf R, Albrecht A. Bijaoui G. Bordogna R. Buccheri G.R: Cross V. Di Gast: R. Gupta A. Heck H. Horstmann M.D. Johnston M.J. Kurtz M.C, Maccarone G. Miller R.W. Miller F. Murtagh P. Mussio R. Rampazzo A, Rampini P Schuecker D. Teyber M. Thonnat é Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo hors A. Heck Cbrereatin Aa:ranoriour "rs de Univers, F 67009 Strasbourg, Free Marte Ewrspvan fpace Agenoy, Spare Teacnpe — Eunspaan Goorinsing Faciity Enmagean Scutham Observatory KalSchwaraschit Str 2, Dab45 Garching, FAG ISHN 2.540.54004-9 Sonuguderag Ravin Hoetberg New York ISR :207-51044-3 Springararan New York Bor Hoidelbogy “Travan uct capt Al ghey maeon read ate mtr Teper me tenth reir a ‘ne phim Sy cushion pani ea tapi cone 6 Gear Capen? Ter tfaecer rs 9 100 syne une “Bas rs coppeetes russert be pad. Vsbben ah nore se potatoe te Goma Coppa Pitan ove lable of Contents 1. Phnessen AL Trek and F. Murtagh 1 ‘Telescope and Observatory Operations 2 Aafia nga Artois for Wale Ser esp Opestions G. Mer A. Knomledye-Bnasd Teesoope Schudnbirg M.D. Jebnston 38 ‘the Dats Anslys 4, Suevey Wark with Antorrated Data Anw'yeis Prnees D, Tether, 2. Selvecter aud H, Homstvionn 98 5, Disteibuted Paiat-Paccera Matehing GR, Cruse ond Be Cagle one cy €. Dactsioe Poseurs fhe Sea for Peclcitios tr GamnmnneRig Ast vauany Aloe Cea 41. Help? LC. Mucenrone and B, Bucket « Chaifieation 1. Classifearion aia Knowledge US, Karis . 8. WOLF — 4 Computer Byper Flare Prediocion RW. Miler - WF 9. Tenow-elge-Basrd Clascitontion of Galeries AL Tronsct and A, Tijuana 1U, Cluilication of TUE Spoctea: A Rulo Bused Apornack F. Murtagh, A. eck and 8, Mumpusce 161 a an foe Suapot Clessificaciv aad Solar Important Methods Trepresesotinn uf Kunsledge Ung Ruszy Se. Thuory ¥. Bi Genk on 12, Au Apyronch .o Heatitie Bxplnivalicr of Astronomen? Knowledgp: iu Aine lustic Inexpretation of Optical Pleceaee AL Aecowiazs, G. Bamdogun, P. Masato and A. Rarapini cesses. 101 wv 18 “Table of Conmeate New Direclious Ceapectionis and Neural Networks HLM. Adorf Applications of Al Asroum: “A View Towards she Futore R. Albrceht tees ‘Glossary, Acronsme and Inder Shert Clawsey Accouyms « Ivlex 1 Foreword With « nod toweds Clansemiia' famor diecum un var and nalitce, une cuul ox; artieil intelligence. expert syscems, or knowledge broed av onomnieal problems ia jas. programming by other means. Buc, 9s is seuply ecenupfiied in this wel, this [ide olfay substoutiel passibililies and a fesibilige wich claades] prugeaneming docs cot. ‘The choplers of this boot can be cogarded ay inlepeadeat units. Laos aller a couprelucaive aynthesis of lan ja purmently dans in Uho gincnal field o# know ledge bused systems by aulrouousers or Uy vescurchors Sued wil nstrenamical aclivities, Dicetions lor [ature war 222 olensly painled ont. and uew orients: tens aver as conneeticninm and renral accwurka are surveyed. Astronandcal applications ate atrasicd, mathe: than oaveenge being alcemnted of the enlive actficialinceligence Bela ‘Thece is alrendly much interet in knowledge baard syatomt techniques im nay ramets of science, TE lms beer quickly seelized fhtue incceasing rofience op sutehines and powertel tools is the sive ga non for oplieoal maragemeut of dlete wa exploitation of iuferulior. comand iu date, And, af canter, hota sto end jafurmation axe ever muy tupidly accumitciug aud ae over more livers, ‘The approuch of astroncracsa to Snowledge baad Arinlines apypenrs to be vomuvhat slower than the appronch of ather nntaral acientiaes. We might ielee Innve to comme with what Mark Rox has aaid shout software ex probdew is aut sctueining (Uns) iu Alp they fearu quirky. The problema ia sonvineing then that they nooé retraining". ‘On she ocher hon, itis inzcarsting to note chat, arourding to # vecrul sudy conducted by Edwacd Teigenbacn of Seanford Universiey in Califirnin, hy aside 1988 chon: 244) expert systems had een pas inte productive tue worldwide. Of the, 1500 vere deployed in che USA, 250 in Japon aud 250 in Europe. ‘Whin reyniserts ently ehont 2% of expert gystem development skells that aoe hauyhh us live bow sald worldwide hp ore 100 vendots. Specialized expect systoan: buil: froma aerate witlon the mre of shells were sos taSer. lave aceotnt ia che study. Whol Uv acm ia taal the bile of expert agmems activicy ia ceomteentrated iu Lhe slagea of research aud drvelnpment. significant incceswe in expert pysteun ust iy thus foreseun for tae 1900s, The eonpilvion of -Le papers presonted in chis volame bas heen # nawusal cuntinnscion for Hewson uf wales work iu bringing che astearomieal comamte nizy mp-tedate vith the yioal recent aueUoeulaey a ily digpaesl ae wri ae ‘with corscaponding applicatis alteady i: ute — ia xiatislive, paler recogni evened tou and relaced lil, Thus Lae ixrerusted ceavlor can aleoarly rider vo a vecrbele for wtseuommes ou a selection vf huparlaut mel bods ju vat llivesiae slaiscieal analysis (Murtagh arr Heck, 1987). A Wosking Gump on Mfoucon Astionenuicad Mothadolegy regalarly pablishes 2. Newaiettcr (seprinted iu tag Infermaation Bul- lotin uf the Stroabuurg Data Centre}. A coufererce ou Astronomy thom Lege Databarca: Scientie Ohjcetives nnd Methodological Approaches (Murtagh and Trees, 1938) dealt vith ways to extreet tho “pest” iuformation freau aatronennical A Teclutical Conamaiciae of ne ueriationsl Assutialie: for Pallru Recoge nitiou EC 13, Astmonceuy eau Astrophysics) concraus ieelf with Ubis Geld, 09, sul ihe hiatal oollogtia ou Data Analysis Astroncany (proceedings pub- lishod hy Pleamin Press, Neos Vask} held at the Rtare Majurena [nor atin Cosue fur Scientific Culiute, Etice, Sie’y, have become sa ca.abiished bsudnack ou Ube astronomy oom er science iulertece, Hise plonware Lo taunk nl eontaibutons far their gaompl delivery’ of rama setipty which, sogether wish the elfvieacy uf che publisker, hus made i. possible for us wo euduce « value with the eliest aud aust up bo date duferuatien callable, References 1. Mustogl, Fut Hos, A, (1987) Multivariate Dato Aude (Astrophgaios und Space Sccun: Libaay No. 191}, Kluner Acadauie Pablshens, Daw lech 01+ 21p, SBN 90 277 21255, histor ISBN 00 277 2425 2, paperbusig ISBN YU B77 $154 €, Ruppy dice wel ame programs.) 2 Minrtegh, Ps and Tek, 4. (1988) Aationomy from Lerge Database aniie Onisetiven and Mfexhadological Apprmachen (BSQ.Camfereners std Workshop Proendings No. 28), Fimopenn Souchern Onsermatory, Garching bei Miche, xiv B1%p. (ISBN 3 923524 28 | cope and Observatory Operations 2 Artificial Intelligence Applications for Hubble Space Telescope Operations Glenn Mile Arenemy Pengeame, Caenynter Seieuons Coconut ioe Spree Teleanope Seierec Iueicto Homeward Camyms Full Sen Mlsrsin Drive Baltimore, MD 21218 BA 2.1 Introduction |Afondomestel goa of lcrvateay opecatioan ite frtes te seem produc! ity and eficlency of the chservacory sad for many sear comprare have eeceed 2 upur-aul role ia ob operatic, Recut advances i tho Geld 2 computer siece knowa a¢ axial intelligeace (AM hace alowed caftwauy to pesivem funetions whit. peevioaly requited human atseatt., This paper ex fecnines the rle of goftware based on AT vethnlyoes in vueecvatory opuvtions Several example of Al spatema used in the acione operations prmnd syrecne of fhe Hublie Spaue Ielawope (HST: show how Ubis ecaualogs has bem snezonie fully applied, "The HST is un ubseesntery al pioneering snpabiizies (woe Hell, 980, for reviews ofthe BST and ita‘uoruments). Orbiting ne on alitude of 80) Jaa, tao HS wil he nbove the bulk of the Rat's ntznorpicr, hich wil gl lowe greet scuiivily,rowlnsia nud wavelength eowezage lr cra bo tained feat ground based eleacoges, A Gl eoupleaient of siete imizumenty oye pert Imagiog, apectzoscoys, astnamcuy, Dhotravetry sad polaimet:z: the Wide Field/Pinnotary Camere (WE PC), che Paint Object Grncra (FOC), the Faint Operated by ue Astin of Univeslies far Reach Astin fr th: Maio ‘Aeronancca ad pncr Adminstration « [AL leon Spy hleunpe pensions Object Spertsvgaph (FOB), she High Restiriun Spect-veragh (HRS), the High, Spee! Phu auste (HEP) and the Fioe Guidance Secon (BGS). ‘The seiealific aperacions of the HST se euuduoted by the Shave Telescope Scieuce Ratincle (SY'SeL}, This jucludes Ube soliilalion md selockion of pro- poly frmn the vurkliide astzuumuical acumesily, schodulay the ohrecving prograus, executing observations inuaitoring the spucecradt and instrament, sud calibrating endl acchiving data, STSe stall wor closely with mission ope ‘tions engincers and scientists at IPABAs Goddard Space Flight Cemex (GSFC), ‘Tho next seelion gives a brief sketch of HST scieuce operations. Sections 2.52.9 describe several auplicucca of Al lechniques lo HST upera.joue, Given. these examplee, sortion 2.10 parents « genveal divenmsion af Al tocliiques and ther role iu developing seiece operations sofware, Seciow 211 speeulales ou fucue epplicativns of AL techuology lo sstounouiicsl vboeavewories. A Lal 2.2 Overview of HS'I' Operations In orde: to. ge the IST, an ssteonomer subunit a scientific observing propose! to the $TScl. Astunemers fom a wide range of inscilotiors and diss serve vat the Thue Alloes jun Coeui tee (TAC) and avteive He Dinestur a? Ue ie] in sclecting proposal. Competitinn for AST cime ie expeena to be eeu Une oveastiimcipion radia Catia proposed te seaspead ahanesing tim) say approach a fictor af ten Ror the HST. OF the appresionacely 10 proposals salmitted yearly, ucly about 200-300 ean be woop. for exceution, Follrsiug arvopticuz, the pinposer zatel provide a mene delailed desenip lin of che oberving peogenn, iurhaliug Ube spectestiow uf waa expo, Sura mesial pururclers, aud tho velaliouships berwout expostis (6, vatly sells Fiuu, cul bration, grauping of wxpesties, cusditions fur execution, The P-vpor Eulty Peocewor (Pep) Syslem supports the ssaf of the STSel in wseelving, 22 fectit.g, eealuazing nd implementing the o2emving progeama. Several of the 81 applications deseriaed bulow aoe sampenema of Pop, which iv deveribed snore iby oy Trceson et al (1988), A 7eas's pucpoas! pao, sill const of pechaps 90,000 cxpossies ox 3,000 ce- leacie. tacgets. Seaff st the STSel prurtnor a lug term plan which spana che yea’s pool (ace Jotnacon, 198% Miller ec a, 2988). Rather tua allocating Ihlosks of sime to judividnl observers, obscavadious wilh te HST wl bo vee whieh irceenso Lav ovura! uflieieney uf Lae ob ralury, 50 long a ‘he eanslrains spond by the obscrver ave sutifivd. The long ler plaa msl bbe updssied thevtglit the sean gccatioaalls, Jbsermacione wil not he exeenced oppozmunicy (e.g euperaovae} will alse ferve covisicis iu Moe Ia Ue la rom the Hog tent plea, aul tins sogaanine fepnieally aco week) arr ached- lod in detail including instrument re configurations, iaterruptions de to Berth, occaltution, epacooesdt sews, eb, Given the decai'ed timeline high level apnce- cafe lastmetions ate attache 10 each aesivity, prodnetig thy Scieuce Mission