Knowledge-Based Development for Cities and Societies: Integrated Multi-Level Approaches Kostas Metaxiotis University of Piraeus, Greece Francisco Javier Carrillo Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico Tan Yigitcanlar Queensland University of Technology, Australia InformatIon scIence reference Hershey • New York Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger Director of Book Publications: Julia Mosemann Acquisitions Editor: Lindsay Johnston Development Editor: Joel Gamon Publishing Assistant: Sean Woznicki Typesetter: Deanna Zombro Quality control: Jamie Snavely Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc. Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference Copyright © 2010 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Knowledge-based development for cities and societies : integrated multi-level approaches / Kostas Metaxiotis, Francisco Javier Carrillo and Tan Yigitcanlar, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Summary: "This book presents a better knowledge and understanding of applying knowledge-based development policies, contributing to the theorizing of knowledge-based development and creation of knowledge societies"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-61520-721-3 (hbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-61520-722-0 (ebook) 1. City planning. 2. Knowledge management. 3. Intellectual capital. 4. Information technology--Social aspects. 5. Information society. I. Metaxiotis, Kostas. II. Carrillo, Francisco Javier. III. Yigitcanlar, Tan. HT166.K59 2010 307.1'16--dc22 2009048636 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. Dedication This book is dedicated to the rapidly and surely emerging global knowledge based development com- munity, and our beloved families. List of Reviewers Kostas Metaxiotis, University of Piraeus, Greece Francisco Javier Carrillo, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico Tan Yigitcanlar, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Kostas Ergazakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay, University of Quebec, Canada Antonio Messeni Petruzzelli, Politecnico di Bari, Italy Alex Bennet, Mountain Quest Institute, USA Tommi Inkinen, University of Helsinki, Finland Caroline Wong, University of Queensland, Australia Edna Pasher, Edna Pasher and Associates, Israel Blanca Garcia, World Capital Institute, Mexico Sébastien Darchen, York University, Canada John Psarras, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Dimitris Despotis, University of Piraeus, Greece Sheryl Buckley, University of Johannesburg, South Africa Tim Donnet , Queensland University of Technology, Australia Tooran Alizadeh, University of Sydney, Australia Argyris Kagiannas, RAYCAP S.A., Greece Yiannis Larios, Ministry of Economy & Finance, Greece Cristina-Martinez Fernandez, University of Western Sydney, Australia Table of Contents Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................xvii Preface ...............................................................................................................................................xxii Section 1 Concepts, Foundations and Frameworks of Knowledge-Based Development Chapter 1 Knowledge-Based Value Generation ......................................................................................................1 Francisco Javier Carrillo, Center for Knowledge Systems, and The World Capital Institute, Mexico Chapter 2 Building Successful Knowledge Cities in the Context of the Knowledge-Based Economy: A Modern Strategic Framework ............................................................................................................17 Emmanouil Ergazakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Kostas Ergazakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Kostas Metaxiotis, University of Piraeus, Greece Chapter 3 Attracting and Retaining Knowledge Workers: The Impact of Quality of Place in the Case of Montreal ............................................................................................................................................42 Sébastien Darchen, York University, Canada Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay, Télé-Université (UQÀM), Canada Chapter 4 The Impact of Proximity Dimensions on the Knowledge Diffusion Process .......................................59 Antonio Messeni Petruzzelli, Politecnico di Bari, Italy Chapter 5 The Interaction between Local and Regional Knowledge-Based Development: Towards a Quadruple Helix Model ......................................................................................................................81 Tooran Alizadeh, University of Sydney, Australia Chapter 6 Making Space and Place for Knowledge Production: Socio-Spatial Development of Knowledge Community Precincts ....................................................................................................99 Tan Yigitcanlar, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Cristina Martinez-Fernandez, University of Western Sydney, Australia Chapter 7 Essentials for Developing a Prosperous Knowledge City ..................................................................118 Rabee M. Reffat, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Section 2 Multi-Level Approaches of Knowledge-Based Development Chapter 8 Personal Knowledge Management by the Knowledge Citizen: The Generation Aspect of Organizational and Social Knowledge-Based Development ..............................................................131 América Martínez Sánchez, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, México Chapter 9 Deep Knowledge as the Core of Sustainable Societies ......................................................................141 Alex Bennet, Mountain Quest Institute, USA David Bennet, Mountain Quest Institute, USA Chapter 10 Knowledge Worker Profile: A Framework to Clarify Expectations....................................................162 Gulgun Kayakutlu, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Chapter 11 Up the Junction? Exploiting Knowledge-Based Development through Supply Chain and SME Cluster Interactions .............................................................................................................................179 Tim Donnet, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Robyn Keast, Queensland University of Technology, Australia David Pickernell, University of Glamorgan Business School, UK Chapter 12 Creativity and Knowledge-Based Urban Development in a Nordic Welfare State: Combining Tradition and Development in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area .........................................................196 Tommi Inkinen, University of Helsinki, Finland Mari Vaattovaara, University of Helsinki, Finland Chapter 13 The Role of the Built Environment in the Creation, Cultivation and Acquisition of a Knowledge-Base .................................................................................................................................211 Kristine Peta Jerome, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Chapter 14 Using Communities of Practice to Share Knowledge in a Knowledge City ......................................222 Sheryl Buckley, University of Johannesburg, South Africa Apostolos Giannakopoulos, University of Johannesburg, South Africa Section 3 Global Best Practices of Knowledge-Based Development Chapter 15 Singapore: A Model for Knowledge-Based City ................................................................................255 Caroline Wong, The University of Queensland, Australia Chapter 16 Israel: A Knowledge Region Case Study ............................................................................................272 Edna Pasher, Edna Pasher Ph.D & Associates, Israel Sigal Shachar, Edna Pasher Ph.D & Associates, Israel Chapter 17 Orchestrating Knowledge-Based Urban Development: Lessons from Multimedia Super Corridor, Malaysia ....................................................................................................................281 Tan Yigitcanlar, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Muna Sarimin, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Chapter 18 Rising Northern Light: A Systems Outlook on Manchester’s Knowledge-Based Capitals ................296 Blanca C. Garcia, Colegio de la Frontera Norte/Colef., Mexico Chapter 19 Knowledge Management Orientation and Business Performance: The Malaysian Manufacturing and Service Industries Perspective ......................................................................................................315 Baharom Abdul Rahman, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Norizan Mat Saad, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Mahmod Sabri Harun, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Afterword The Way Forward: Theorizing Knowledge-Based Development? .....................................................329 J.C. Spender, Lund University, Sweden Compilation of References ...............................................................................................................340 About the Contributors ....................................................................................................................380 Index ...................................................................................................................................................388 Detailed Table of Contents Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................xvii Preface ...............................................................................................................................................xxii Section 1 Concepts, Foundations and Frameworks of Knowledge-Based Development Chapter 1 Knowledge-Based Value Generation ......................................................................................................1 Francisco Javier Carrillo, Center for Knowledge Systems, and The World Capital Institute, Mexico This chapter aims to characterize Knowledge Based Development (KBD) from the perspective of value systems. After an introduction to its purpose and scope, the chapter is divided into five sections. The first section looks into the distinctive aspects of human knowledge-based or represented experience as the rationale for both Knowledge Management and Knowledge Based Development. The concept of KBD is introduced as a distinctive category and as the basis of a new social paradigm of special signifi- cance in view of both the current stage of human evolution and our impact on other Earth systems. In the second section the emergence and evolution of KBD as a field of study and practice is overviewed. Thirdly, the received perspective of knowledge capital as instrumental to increasing monetary growth and accumulation is contrasted with an integrated approach where all value elements relevant to a group are balanced into a unified system of categories. Such radical approach to KBD recaptures the essence of human value production and allows the redesign of accountacy and management practices at the organizational level, as well as of cultural and political practices at the communitary and global levels. Next, a review of some of the most visible KBD research agendas shows the trends in the evolution of this area and suggests the viability of a global R&D agenda. Finally, the possible contribution of KBD as a language to articulate national and international consesus-building on the most urgent issues is discussed as a conclusion. Chapter 2 Building Successful Knowledge Cities in the Context of the Knowledge-Based Economy: A Modern Strategic Framework ............................................................................................................17 Emmanouil Ergazakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Kostas Ergazakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Kostas Metaxiotis, University of Piraeus, Greece The topics of Knowledge-Based Development (KBD) and especially of Knowledge Cities (KCs) have attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners during the last years. In a previous research work of the authors, a set of hypotheses for the design, development and operation of successful KCs had been proposed and validated through the analytical study of KCs cases’ support to these hypotheses, resulting to a related Framework. However, the rapid changes in the field render more than necessary today to re-examine the elements which had leaded to the formulation of the Framework, so as to update it and conclude on a modern strategic framework. The methodology followed is based on the examination of the already identified KCs and the inclusion of five additional KCs cases. For the new set of KCs, the authors examine at which degree each case supports the hypotheses. Modifications in the set of hypotheses are proposed. The hypotheses that continue to be valid are considered as dominant, thus leading to the modern strategic Framework. Among the main findings is that all cities previously examined continue to actively support their KBD, through a series of strategies and appropriate actions. The majority of the hypotheses continue to be valid, while three of them need to slightly change so as to adapt to prevailing current conditions. Chapter 3 Attracting and Retaining Knowledge Workers: The Impact of Quality of Place in the Case of Montreal ............................................................................................................................................42 Sébastien Darchen, York University, Canada Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay, Télé-Université (UQÀM), Canada A concentration of knowledge workers, including scientists and engineers, has been identified by recent works as an element fostering economic growth in metropolitan areas. The authors’ aim in this chapter is to study the factors influencing the mobility of graduate students in science and technology. The creative class thesis has emphasized the fact that criteria related to the quality of place have a positive impact on the attraction of talents and on economic development. This thesis was the basis for the authors’ research. In this paper, they assimilate the workforce in science and technology to the concept of knowledge workers. They authors compared the influence of criteria related to the quality of place on the mobility of students with other criteria related to career opportunities and to the social network. They collected the data through an on-line questionnaire and we also proceeded to interviews with students in science and technology. The authors present in this chapter the results of their research for Montreal. With a quantitative analysis, they show that while Montreal is often considered as a very attractive place, the criteria related to the quality of place play a secondary role in the attraction and retention of the popula- tion studied, while those related to the career opportunities dominate. This leads to nuance the theories that highlight the importance of place versus job opportunities, and shows that while the quality of place may be important, job opportunities dominate. Chapter 4 The Impact of Proximity Dimensions on the Knowledge Diffusion Process .......................................59 Antonio Messeni Petruzzelli, Politecnico di Bari, Italy The purpose of this research is to explore how proximity dimensions can favour the diffusion of knowl- edge between economic actors, focusing on the knowledge relationships established by a knowledge gatekeeper. In particular, the authors formulate several hypotheses regarding the role of proximity dimensions (i.e. geographical, organizational, and technological) in affecting the establishment of gatekeepers’ knowledge relationships, taking into account their collaborative-non collaborative type and exploitative-explorative nature. Adopting a patent-based analysis, the authors test their hypotheses on a research sample constituted by 527 knowledge relationships established by two distinct types of knowledge gatekeeper, i.e. an university and a firm. Chapter 5 The Interaction between Local and Regional Knowledge-Based Development: Towards a Quadruple Helix Model ......................................................................................................................81 Tooran Alizadeh, University of Sydney, Australia By the turn of the 21st century, the significance of knowledge to be the key factor in urban and regional development is well established. However, it has been only recently that attempts have been made to identify the specific mechanism and institutional relationships, through which knowledge-based devel- opment takes place. In this regard, very little consideration has been given to the ways that different levels of knowledge-based development communicate to each other. This chapter examines the mutual interaction between knowledge-based development in local and regional level in two different sections. The first section builds upon the third wave of economic development supporting the growth of cluster of related firms and relates it to an empirical case study of knowledge-based community development in Queensland- Australia. It concludes that knowledge-based local developments do not evolve without a regional support network. The second section reviews the “Triple Helix” of university–industry– government collaboration as the basis of knowledge-based regional development in the investigated case study. This review determines the central role of local community as an innovation base for the interaction among the key factors, and suggests a promotion for a Quadruple Helix Model where com- munity works alongside business, university and government in the new economy. Chapter 6 Making Space and Place for Knowledge Production: Socio-Spatial Development of Knowledge Community Precincts ....................................................................................................99 Tan Yigitcanlar, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Cristina Martinez-Fernandez, University of Western Sydney, Australia In the knowledge era the importance of making space and place for knowledge production is clearly understood worldwide by many city administrations that are keen on restructuring their cities as highly competitive and creative places. Consequently, knowledge-based urban development and socio-spatial development of knowledge community precincts have taken their places among the emerging agendas of the urban planning and development practice. This chapter explores these emerging issues and