8 LA FOLLETTE'S THE MAKING OF PUBLIC OPINION Magazines, Libraries, Theaters and Lecturers are Powerful Forces in Shaping Public Thought Are They Serving Special Interests or the Common Good? III. M A G A Z I N E S - 1 9 0 3 - 1 9 08 By WILLIAM KITTLE "The Greatest Trust in the World" Charles E. Russell T HE following are the foremost public-opinion-forming mag­ "The History of the Standard Oil Company" Ida Tarbell azines in the United States: "Kansas and the Standard Oil Company" Ida Tarbell 1. THE AMERICAN MAGAZINE,-VO/WI S. Phillips, President "The Railway Empire" Frank Parsons of Publishing Co. "The Heart of the Railroad Problem" Frank Parsons 2. THE ARENA.—B. 0. Flower, Editor. "How the Railroad Makes the Trust" George W. Alger 3. EVERYBODY'S MAGAZINE.—The Ridgeway Co., Publishers. "The Railroad Rebate" Ray Stannard Baker 4. THE FORUM.—The Forum Publishing Company. "The Railroad Rate" ..Ray Stannard Baker 5. GUNTON'S MAGAZINE.—George Gunton (Publication ceased in "The Initiative and Referendum in Oregon. W. S. U'Ren December, 1904). "Oregon as a Political Experiment Station"....Joseph Schaffer 6. MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE.—Samuel S. McClure, President of "The Story of Montana" C. P. Connolly Publishing Company. "The Fight of the Copper Kings"... C. P. Connolly 7. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.—George Harvey, Editor, "Rhode Island, a State for Sale" . Lincoln Steffens 8. THE OUTLOOK.—Lyman Abbott, Editor. "New Jersey, a Traitor State" Lincoln Steffens 9. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS.—Albert Shaw, Editor. "Pittsburg, a City Ashamed" Lincoln Steffens 10. THE WORLD'S WORK.—Walter H. Page, Editor. "Philadelphia, Corrupt and Contented" Lincoln Steffens The combined circulation of "The Subway Deal" Ray Stannard Baker these ten leading periodicals "A Colossal Fabric on Franchises" is more than 2,000,000 cop­ "The Story of Life Insurance" Burton J. Hendrick ies each month. It is prob­ "Governor La Follette" Lincoln Steffens ably a conservative estimate "Governor Folk" William Allen White that each issue is read by "Tom Johnson" Edward Bemis five persons when the public "Golden Rule Jones" Brand Whitlock libraries are taken into ac­ count. It must also be con­ EACH MAGAZINE, CONSERVATIVE OR PROGRESSIVE sidered that these ten mil­ lion or more of readers are THE North American Review is the most conservative of the those who take a distinct in­ ten magazines. The editor, Mr. George Harvey, is also terest in public affairs and editor of Harper's Weekly. The New York Directory of Direc­ more than any other class, tors for 1905 shows that he was then the second vice-president express and represent public of the Broadway Safe Deposit Co., a director of the City of New opinion. York Insurance Co., a director of two ferry companies and a The issues of these ten director of the Mechanics and Traders Bank. Both the North magazines for the five years American Review and the Harper's Weekly have been distinctly from 1903 to 1908, have been hostile to the movement led by President Roosevelt. The editor carefully examined to deter­ constantly, systomatically, and almost viciously assailed the mine the side taken by each policies and personality of the President. During the past five in the contest between Spe­ years, three times as many reactionary or conservative articles cial Privilege and the inter­ appeared in the North American Review as the number which ests of the public. Each pe­ might be considered to be mildly progressive. It would per­ riodical has been judged by haps be too strong, and yet not far from the truth, to call both its output of public-opinion- the magazine and the weekly the "organs" of the special inter­ forming material over a suffi­ ests. ciently long period. This Gunton's Magazine was quite frankly the "organ" of special material consists of a very privilege. Mr. Hearst in 1908, disclosed the fact that the few editorials and a very large number of carefully written ar­ Standard Oil Company paid Gunton, "$5,000 as an additional ticles in the nature of monographs, most of them involving re­ contribution to that agreed upon." It must have been after search, travel or experience. The one test applied to each ar­ some such subsidy that Gunton wrote his editorials: "Are Mil­ ticle or editorial was: —Does it take the side of any special lionaires a Menace," "Roosevelt Sane," "The Crusade vs. Prop­ interest, when that interest has been known by all to be in erty," and others displaying marked subserviency to special conflict with the interests of the general public? Or does it take interests. From January, 1899, to 1904, after which its publi­ the side of the public against the encroachment of any special cation ceased, more than twenty articles and editorials defended privilege? The record made by these ten magazines for the various special interests and only one,—on the ice-trust of period of five years shows that about 60, more or less elaborate New York City,—took the side of the public. From the number articles, favored some special privilege; and a little more than of editorials on the subject, Gunton seems to have held a brief 200 were in favor of the public interests. for the group of public utility companies, and to have shown a proper amount of gratitude toward millionaires in general. The titles of a few progressive articles will indicate in some part the range and vigor of this new civic literature which has The Forum has been more or less colorless and can have had so profoundly stirred the public conscience: but little effect in forming public opinion during the last half "Who Owns the United States" Sereno S. Pratt decade. This is true of both the leading articles and the edi­ "Great Fortunes And Their Making" Burton J. Hendrick torials on "American Politics" by H. L. West. During 1904- "Where Did You Get It, Gentlemen?" Charles E. Russell 1906, Mr. West was fairly progressive in his brief editorials, "The Madness of Much Power" David Graham Phillips but later, he became quite conservative, and in 1908 advocated "Frenzied Finance" Thomas W. Lawson the nomination of Fairbanks for President and seemed to re­ "Industrialized Politics" Student of N. Y. Politics gret, as he stated it, that, "the wave of reform still sweeps "Senate of Special Interests" Henry Beach Needham over the country." Certainly The Forum has not contributed "The Senate Plot Against Pure Food" Edward Lowry much to that wave and it must be regarded as conservative. LA FOLLETTE'S •9 The New York Directory of Directors for 1905, shows that Isaac since Judge Landis fined the Standard Oil Company more than L. Rice was the president and director of The Forum Publishing 29 million dollars for violating the Elkins law has won public Co. He was also an officer or director of the Chicago Electric sympathy for the Company." Another editorial in April, 1908, Traction Co., and of thirteen other industrial concerns. Joseph relates an incident showing the generosity of this company to­ and Samuel Rice were also directors of the Forum Publishing wards a rival. The New York Directory of Directors for 1905, Co. Another director of this company was Maurice Barnett shows that the editor, Mr. Walter H. Page was a director of who was an officer in twelve other business establishments. the Aberdeen and Ashboro Railway Company. Moody's Manual The Review of Reviews has been a factor in forming public for 1908 shows that six other members of the Page family were opinion; but it has been a two-edged sword, cutting both sides, the chief officers in this railway company. but with one edge much sharper than the other. .The number Whatever the explanation may be, the fact is that here a pro­ of conservative articles has exceeded those which are progres­ gressive magazine has been quietly and suddenly changed to one sive and there is evidence that a careful selection has been made highly favorable to the "interests." in the list of progressive articles. The record for the five years would rather suggest that the columns had been quite freely The Four Most Progressive Magazines opened to explain or defend several great special interests. But JUDGED solely by the it should be stated that other leading articles were admitted " number and kind of which were squarely for the public interests. The New York leading articles which Directory of Directors for 1905, shows that Francis L. Hine was have been published dur­ vice-president and director of the Review of Reviews Co., and ing the last five years, the that he was also director in four railroad companies and ten following are the most other firms or corporations. progresive periodicals: The Outlook has been very cautiously progressive. It has The American Maga­ steadily supported the policies of President Roosevelt and has zine. briefly and guardedly advocated public interests against the The Arena. Everybody's Magazine. McClure's Magazine. Out of a total circula­ tion of 2,000,000 copies each month, these four magazines have one and a third million and they have published a little more than five times the number of progressive articles published by the other six maga­ zines combined. If each issue is read by five persons, these four magazines with their searching articles on every phase of public affairs, are forming the opinions of more than 6,000,000 readers. For it must be considered that a single article may have more weight than the reading of a daily paper for a year, with its scrappy news. These four periodicals, more than all others combined, from the standpoint of public affairs, carry on their pages the indignant protest against all forms of special privi­ lege; and they record the courage and ideals of the best citi­ zens. IV. MAKING PUBLIC OPINION IN THE LIBRARY AND THEATER I T would be difficult to overrate die influence of "The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair. It led to immediate investigation and leg­ islation by the national government. By its influence on pub­ encroachments of special privilege. But it has had few or no lic opinion, it is comparable to Les Miserables. "The Octo­ leading articles showing strongly the necessity of constructive pus" by Frank Norris is a graphic picture of the control of Cali­ legislation. It seems to have aimed at a brief review of cur­ rent events, rather than the publication of articles to make pro­ gressive public opinion. The unquestioned character of its editor accounts for its progressive attitude. In November, 1908, the treasurer of the Outlook Co. stated that James Stiliman, the multi-millionaire and "silent man of the Standard Oil Com­ pany," owned less than 10 per cent, of the stock of the Outlook Co. The World's Work, from March, 1903, to April, 1908, has not ha-;1, a consistent attitude toward special interests. From the first date to April, 1906, by actual count, three times as many progressive articles appeared in this magazine as those which can be called conservative. But in the early months of 1906, a marked change took place. An editorial on the first page of the May, 1906, number, shows that a new policy had been adopted. A single sentence indicates exactly the course of this magazine for the next two years: "And reform by shrieking exposure does at last become tiresome. It is another evidence of sanity that the people are showing some weariness with the literature of corruption." For the next two years, more than four times as many articles in explanation or defense of special privilege appeared as those in favor of the public. Three- fornia by the railroad corporations; and "Coniston" by Winston fourths of these conservative articles were in favor of the rail­ Churchill is a still finer delineation of railway corruption in way companies. In October, 1907, an editorial, entitled, "The New Hampshire. Mobbing of Corporations," stated: "The time that has passed (Continued on page lb.) 14 LA FOLLETTE'S table result of economic conditions." He also asserted that such cording to the well-known correspondent "Sumner." It will a law is the logical result of the Taft measure for the taxing be remembered that when this amendment came into the Senate of the net income of corporations. after White House conferences, it provided that holding com­ Mandamus proceedings are threatened by the Illinois Tax panies may deduct from their gross income all dividends on stock Reform Association against the International Harvester Com­ of subsidiary corporations which they may possess, in comput­ pany to put on the tax list of Cook County property, now un­ ing the "net" income. For instance, the Standard Oil Company taxed, of the value of $100,000,000. The company is assessed consists of one great corporation and some seventy-odd subsid­ this year at $8,925,000. It is asserted that the company's own statement shows it to have assets to the amount of $157,608,000, of which $25,000,000 is in farmers' and agents' notes, $34,000,000 in factories and warehouses, and $16,500,000 in surplus. John D. Rockefeller has given $10,000,000 more to the gen­ eral education board, making $52,000,000 in all. He has also taken such action so that the trustees may by two-thirds vote distribute the principal of the funds. This action is for the purpose of providing for unseen contingencies in the future which may make the whole scheme obsolete, and to guard against the keeping up of the fund after the need for it shall have ceased to exist. At Cincinnati, on the 2nd, the Western Union Telegraph Company was indicted for aiding and abetting the criminal operations of a bucket-shop keeper. Aldrich Jams His Bill Through On the 8th, by a vote of 45 to 34 Aldrich passed the tariff bill. At the last moment he made an attempt to read out of the party all Republican Senators who should dare vote against it, but nevertheless, ten Republicans did so—Beveridge of In­ diana, Bristow of Kansas, Brown and Burkett of Nebraska, Clapp and Nelson of Minnesota, Crawford of South Dakota, Cummins and Dolliver of Iowa, and La Follette of Wisconsin. McEnery of Louisiana voted with Aldrich, though a nominal Democrat. On the eve of the vote, Mr. La Follette presented the case of the National Association of Clothiers against the bill— the protest of 97 per cent. of the clothing manufacturers of the country with an output of $600,000,000 per annum. They asserted that the passage of the bill will mean an increase in price or a lowering in quality of from 20 to 25 per cent. to the iary corporations. So of the Steel Trust and all the great rail­ consumers of wool. On the 5th, Senator Rayner attacked the way corporations. The amendment as brought in would tax the customs court provisions of the bill, declaring them unconstitu­ "net" in the hands of the subsidiary company, but exempt the tional. Although even Senator Root declared that he had not sum after payment to the holding company. Under the as­ favored this court, Aldrich conceded nothing save the exemp­ saults of Clapp of Minnesota and the other Progressives, Aldrich tion of criminal cases from the jurisdiction of the court. Senator yielded and allowed the amendment to be amended so as to tax Culberson asserted that the Standard Oil Company has its cans the net income of corporations whether derived from merged made abroad and gets a drawback when it re-exports them filled and "held" corporations or not. This was regarded as a distinct with oil, thus getting free cans for its exported oil. Senator victory for the anti-trust forces. On the 9th "Sumner" in writ­ Beveridge agreed with this. Aldrich refused any concession, ing from Washington to the Record-Herald says: "President however, in the interests of the American manufacturers of Taft has served notice on Senate Leader Aldrich that he will tin-plate. As has been the case throughout the debate, the not sanction the amendment (the Clapp amendment) to the Aldrich forces had the votes when they needed them. corporation tax feature of the tariff measure which was pressed by insurgents and accepted by the Finance committee in his The House Receives Aldrich's Work (Taft's) absence. This amendment removed the exemption On the 9th, the Senate bill went to the House, where after which was to apply to holding companies, and imposes the tax a spirited debate, it was sent to conference. It was plain from on such companies as well as upon the earnings of the subsidiary the debate that insurgency has increased rather than diminished companies." It will be recalled that the exemption was claimed in the Cannon wing of the Capitol since the Payne bill went over by Aldrich to have been made for the purpose of avoiding "dou­ to be converted into the Aldrich bill, Eighteen Republicans ble taxation," and that Senator Dolliver pointed out the fact voted with the Democrats against the special rule sending the that the tax is not an income tax but an excise due for the bill to conference. The conference committee of the Senate privilege of doing business in corporate form, and that that was appointed contrary to custom before the House had refused privilege is as important to the holding as to the subsidiary to concur, and consists of Aldrich of Rhode Island, Hale of corporation. Just what the President's real position is on this Maine, Burrows of Michigan, Penrose of Pennsylvania, and Cul- matter has not at this time been made public by him. His state­ lom of Illinois, Republicans, and Daniel of Virginia, Bailey of ment will be awaited with intense interest by the whole coun­ Texas, and Money of Mississippi, Democrats. The Republicans try. appointed by Cannon as members of the Conference Committee * * * are Payne of New York, Dalzell of Pennsylvania, McCall of Mas­ sachusetts, Boutel of Illinois, Calderhead of Kansas and Ford- The Making of Public Opinion ney of Michigan; Messrs. Clark of Missouri, Griggs of Georgia, and Underwood of Alabama are the Democratic members. It (Continued from page 9.) is asserted on standpat authority that the conference committee The drama, in a very limited way, has aided in forming public is made up to put the bill through quickly along Aldrich lines. opinion. The best examples are, "The Man of the Hour" and If such be really the case, and the personnel of the committee "The Lion and the Mouse." But they have vividly presented to adds color of probability to the statement—the bill will soon many thousands the greed and power of special interests. go to the President, and the country will then know what he During the past few years, many important volumes have ap­ meant last fall by "revision downward." peared which have influenced directly the leaders of public opin­ A New Development in the Corporation Tax ion. These are the works of specialists,—usually university or A startling development in the matter of the Taft-Aldrich college trained men. Their influence extends far beyond their amendment to the Payne bill for the taxing of the net income circle of readers. They instruct the esoteric, to inform the far of corporations has transpired within the last day or so, ac­ larger exoteric class. B. H. Meyer, in "Railway Legislation in LA FOLLETTE'S 15 the United States," Frank Parsons, in "The Heart of the Rail­ lege, no reform movement would have taken place. But with this way Problem" and John Moody in "The Truth About Trusts," inspiring contest successful in one state, with great, free maga­ are types of men who have made constructive and intelligent zines, forming and expressing progressive public opinion, and public opinion. with the far-reaching voice of the presidency to unify and make it national, it has triumphed over the organized agencies for V. MAKING PUBLIC OPINION forming conservative public opinion. But the reactionary and conservative forces are in possession FROM THE PLATFORM of unlimited resources,—financial, political, and social. They have regular bureaus to form public opinion. They are the na­ MR. BRYAN has probably given public addresses to more tural allies of the Associated Press and of every leading daily people than any other American. He has formed public newspaper. The purchase of every progressive magazine would opinion, not only in his own party but he has influenced be but an item in their expenses. It is easily conceivable that men of all parties toward fundamental democracy and they may organize a system of bureaus over the entire country the highest ideals in citizenship. On concrete issues, he has to furnish articles to every local paper in defense of the three clearly and elegantly stated and formed the opinions of millions. allied special interests,—the railroads, the city utility companies He has been and is a decided factor in making opinion on every and certain industrial combinations, like the Steel Trust and the important public question. Standard Oil Co. If these interests are to obtain or even hold Senator La Follette has addressed hundreds of thousands of special privileges, such a system of bureaus is necessary, and as voters from New York to California. He is, "a man with a Sibley said, "might be made self-supporting." The public can be message" and an orator of rare power. His intense earnestness, deceived, can be made to pay the costs of the deception and in­ his sincerity, courage and perfect mastery of his subject, carry duced to grant further aids. his conviction into the very conscience of his audiences. He is The public is continually played upon by adroit, skillful and the implacable foe of every form of unjust special privilege and powerful forces. The average reader of the daily paper is in a his constructive ability to guard the public interests has been hurry. He reads headlines. He does not read critically. He amply demonstrated in his career as governor of Wisconsin. dogs not know that two or three items in a brief "news" article The "interests" dread him. He is a force of unusual power in presented as undoubted facts, lead him to but one conclusion. He forming public opinion. does not note the careful coloring, the skillful arrangements of President Roosevelt has not addressed as many audiences as parts, the appeal to prejudice, the half-truth or the shrewd mis­ Senator La Follette; but his words have gone out to the re­ statement. He is easily caught by the sophistry that a private motest parts of the entire country. He is not a great orator and monopoly enjoying extortionate profits is exactly like any other he has little constructive ability. But he has expressed the hopes private business. He is told that a rebate is like the discount and aspirations, the protests and ideals of the American people. given to any large buyer and his mind does not penetrate to the Though few have seen him, he is the best known man in public distinction. The economic interests of one class and the exploi­ life. He so formed public opinion that he set in motion a thou­ tation of another, nationality, partisanship and even patriotism sand influences which forced a hostile national convention to itself are all appealed to in forming public opinion for special nominate for President the man whom he had endorsed. This privileged classes. But for a long term of years, Lincoln's state­ was not all due, nor mainly due to the personality of Mr. Roose­ ment is probably true: "You can fool some of the people all of velt, nor to the respect of the people for the high office of Presi­ the time, and all of the people some of the time; but you can't dent. Had he been a governor or senator from a great common­ fool all the people all the time." wealth, he could not have done this. As ex-President, he cannot * * * do it. But every time the President speaks, more than twenty thousand newspapers and millions of voices repeat his words. The Associated Press can pass over in silence a governor's mess­ age which may result in legislation of the very highest impor­ Lincoln's Smile on New Penny tance; but the public utterances of the President cannot be ig­ THIS is a photograph of nored. When he speaks, he has the nation for an audience. He the Lincoln face that has formed the opinions of millions because he has been heard will appear on the new and believed by them. The Presidency has given to Mr. Roose­ pennies now being velt a far-reaching, megaphone-like voice, raucus and strident coined in the government indeed, but of high purpose like that of the prophets of old. mints. Notice that it is a smiling face. When it was THE REFORM MOVEMENT decided to substitute a por­ trait of the Great Emanci­ If is not difficult to account for the wave of reform during the pator for the familiar Indian past few years. La Follette was the pioneer and is the leader head, on one-cent coins, this in this movement. He began it away back in 1890 when he photograph was chosen was defeated for Congress by the railroad companies. For rather than one showing Lin­ ten years he constantly advocated direct nominations by the peo­ coln's face in sad repose. ple but was beaten by an intrenched political machine. For five Victor D. Brenner, the years as governor, he secured the enactment of law after law sculptor who designed the against special privileges. At the present time in a "Senate of new penny, after a long Special Interests," he stands as the foremost representative of search, found this picture in popular economic rights. the collection of Eliot Norton During the past five years, U'Ren in Oregon, Churchill in New of New York. In modeling Hampshire, Colby in New Jersey and others have been earnestly the face from it, he tried to in the contest against the control of government by the special imagine something that would bring a smile to Lincoln's interests. During the same period, five or six magazines have face; and finally pictured Lincoln as he would appear when published several hundred articles showing the encroachments talking to a little child. The kindly, sympathetic smile and corruption by special privileged classes and these have been that lights up so wonderfully this "one of the world's old, read by millions of progressive citizens. Fiction and the drama lengendary faces" will be carried on the new penny into came to the aid of the public. But in the fullness of time, while millions of homes, even to the humblest, as a daily inspi- all these scattered movements were in full progress, a new and ration and a reminder of the "sacred lesson of Lincoln's unexpected force came to their aid and unified them into one life." common movement against the control of government by preda­ tory wealth. This new force was the energy, honesty and cour­ * * * age of the President who at once made the contest heard and made it national. If La Follette could have been permanently ¶Nobody seems to have thought to ask whether or not the defeated, if five or six magazines could have been silenced, and if victorious Pennsylvania Sugar Refining Company will now pro­ the Presidency could have been made the voice of special privi­ ceed to refine sugar. Rather an interesting question, too.