? m e h ct t e ot r p r o m e h e t s u b a m, e h e t r o n g d: i a o r b a s d Ki – e g d ri ott D e k Mi Mike Dottridge Terre des Hommes International Federation Kids abroad: 31 chemin Frank-Thomas CH–1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland ignore them, abuse them Tel: (41) 22 736 33 72 Fax: (41) 22 736 15 10 or protect them? [email protected] www.terredeshommes.org n o ati r Lessons on how to protect children on the move e d e F al from being exploited. n o ati n r e nt s I e m m o H s e d e r r e T Terre des Hommes International Federation Mike Dottridge Kids abroad: ignore them, abuse them or protect them? Lessons on how to protect children on the move from being exploited. Terre des Hommes International Federation This study has been produced with the fi nancial assistance Cover photo: Terre des Hommes Germany of the Oak Foundation and Terre des Hommes Netherlands. ©Terre des Hommes International Federation, August 2008. The views expressed are those of the author. ISBN number: 978-2-9700457-3-1 The Terre des Hommes International Federation is a network of eleven national organisations, whose mission is to provide Photo credits: active support to children, their family and their community without racial, religious, political, cultural or gender-based Photos 1, 4 and 9: discrimination in the framework of the United Nations Terre des Hommes Foundation (Lausanne, Swizterland) Convention on the Rights of the Child. To achieve this aim, the Terre des Hommes organisations mobilise political will, Photo 2: advocate for appropriate government policies and support Terre des Hommes Netherlands. 1085 development and humanitarian aid projects in 71 countries. Projects are run in close partnership with the Photos 3, 5-8 and 10: benefi ciaries who are the primary actors in their own lives, Mike Dottridge. including children. Terre des Hommes works with 850 local 2 and national civil society organisations. The photos in this study have been selected to ensure they meet the criteria set out in UNICEF’s Principles for ethical The Terre des Hommes International Federation (TDHIF) has reporting on children (accessed at www.unicef.org/media/ consultative status with the United Nations Economic and media_tools_guidelines.html). Social Council (ECOSOC), UNICEF, ILO and the Council These specify that it is appropriate to change the name and of Europe. obscure the visual identity of any child who is identifi ed as: The author of this study is Mike Dottridge, an independent a. A victim of sexual abuse or exploitation, human rights consultant. He is the author of several b. A perpetrator of physical or sexual abuse, other publications issued by Terre des Hommes: Kids as c. HIV positive, living with AIDS or has died from AIDS, Commodities. Child traffi cking and what to do about it unless the child, a parent or a guardian gives (2004) and A Handbook on planning projects to prevent child fully informed consent, traffi cking (2007), as well as one joint Terre des Hommes – d. Charged or convicted of a crime. UNICEF publication, Action to prevent child traffi cking in South Eastern Europe. A Preliminary Assessment (2006). Reproductions, copies and quotes from any part of this He was the director of a London-based non-governmental publication are allowed, provided they are accompanied by organisation, Anti-Slavery International, from 1996 until an acknowledgement that Mike Dottridge is the author and 2002. He lives in the United Kingdom. Terre des Hommes the publisher. Table of contents Author’s Acknowledgements 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abbreviations 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Summary 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART 1 CHILD PROTECTION IN THE CONTEXT OF CHILDREN’S MOBILITY AND MIGRATION 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 What is this study about? 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Moving from a focus on a single type of abuse experienced by children to abuse in general 13 . . . . . 1.3 Who is this study about? 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Methods used to compile this study 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 What the study does not focus on 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 The politicised context 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 A study in three parts 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The opportunities to protect children who move or migrate 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Children learning to protect themselves 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 The role of parents or parent substitutes 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 The role of communities and governments 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 The opportunities for protection when children move or migrate 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART 2 EXAMPLES OF PROTECTION PRACTICES FROM AROUND THE WORLD 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Central America: On the road north – and south 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Nicaragua 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Nicaraguan children in Costa Rica 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 South East Europe and the Baltic States: Efforts to develop child protection mechanisms 28 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 School education 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Initiatives to stop children dropping out of school 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 Modernising the content of school education 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Giving adolescents advice and suggesting precautions when they travel 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Developing child protection mechanisms at community level 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Western Europe: Does depriving children of liberty protect them? 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 The responses of governments in industrialised countries to the arrival of separated children 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 The response to foreign children earning money on the streets 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Putting foreign separated children into detention 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Deporting separated children who arrive from outside the European Union 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.1 The rights and wrongs of deporting separated children 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.2 The limited assistance that NGOs are able to give to separated children 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 West Africa: Strengthening existing socio-economic practices which help protect children 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Massive numbers of children migrate within West Africa 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Conventional responses suggest that some or all of the young migrants are victims of traffi cking 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Children protecting children: an extra layer in the protective environment 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Enabling children to stay in their villages 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Taking a closer look: investigating how some recruitment practices have a protective effect and whether this can be improved 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Girls recruited to be domestic servants 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.1 The case of girls recruited in Sourou (Burkina Faso) to work as domestic servants 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6.2 The case of girls recruited in Akebou (Togo) to work as domestics in the neighbouring country 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Comments 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 South Asia: Looking for more effective ways to protect children 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Using new technology 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 Telephone help line for children suffering abuse 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.2 Developing coherence and coordination at local level – the multi-sectoral approach again 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.3 Counter-balancing the use of telephone hotlines in cities: action to prevent the exodus of children from Bihar 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 How a freedom of information law (Right to Information Act) improved child protection 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Clubs for girls in Bangladesh 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 South East Asia: Protecting children in migrant communities and preventing working children being abused 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 Enabling migrant communities in Thailand to protect themselves 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1.1 Developing child protection mechanisms at community level 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1.2 Protecting migrant child workers 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1.3 Limits on the effectiveness of protection based in migrant communities 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Encouraging ‘safe migration’ within China 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 PART 3 OBSERVATIONS ON GOOD AND BAD PRACTICE FOR PROTECTING ‘CHILDREN ON THE MOVE’ 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Techniques to reduce the likelihood that children on the move will be subjected to abuse 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Techniques to enhance the capacity of an individual child 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Techniques to enable children to get organised together to protect themselves 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Techniques to infl uence families or to enhance protection at the level of the family 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Community-based protection techniques 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 The priority governments are obliged to give to child protection, rather than immigration issues 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Other conventional techniques expected to stop migrating children being subjected to abuse 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Conclusions 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Author’s Acknowledgements This study is a compilation of information from Numerous other organisations were also willing to many sources, so a considerable number of people share their ideas about how to protect children on and organisations have contributed to it. Some did the move. I am grateful to Jyothi Kanics at the Irish so during its preparation, when they met me and Refugee Council, for keeping up a steady fl ow of deliberately provided me with information for the information about separated or traffi cked children, study; some did so earlier, by providing me with to Anastasia Anthopoulos of the Oak Foundation, for information before I started work on this particular her determination to stimulate novel ideas on how to study; and others contributed indirectly, by publishing protect children, to Jonathan Blagbrough, both for or preparing information that I was able to consult. sharing ideas while his work at Save the Children Responsibility for the way I have interpreted all the UK focused on exploited children and for sharing his information given to me lies with me alone. previous expertise on child domestic workers, and to staff at UNICEF for sharing their ideas on how children Special thanks go to Eylah Kadjar-Hamouda of the suffering particular forms of abuse, such as children Terre des Hommes International Federation, who who are traffi cked, could be protected appropriately nurtured the idea of this study, secured the funding by investments in mainstream child protection systems necessary and provided me with advice, comments and rather than over-specifi c measures. encouragement throughout its gestation. Many of her colleagues in Terre des Hommes around the world also My visits to Central America, South Asia and Thailand provided comments, notably Raffaele Salinari, President involved meetings with many organisations. I am of the Terre des Hommes International Federation, particularly grateful to Defensa de Niñas y Niños Hans Guyt and Lucien Stöpler of Terre des Hommes Internacional (DNI), Defence of Children International, Netherlands and Mirela Shuteriqi, the campaign offi cer in Costa Rica; Childline India and Don Bosco in of the Terre des Hommes International Campaign India; and the Save the Children UK Cross Border against Child Traffi cking. I am also grateful to Pierre Project (against traffi cking and exploitation of migrant Philippe, her predecessor, for helping me develop ideas and vulnerable children in the Mekong Sub-region), for this study. based in Bangkok, for the time and information they gave me. In previous years I visited many other Other staff in Terre des Hommes provided ideas and organisations and am grateful to Salima Sarwar and information for the study, notably Olivier Feneyrol, the her colleagues for hosting my visit to the Association child traffi cking specialist in West Africa of the Terre for Community Development (ACD) in Bangladesh, des Hommes Foundation (Lausanne, Switzerland), to the staff of the Labour Rights Promotion Network who kept me abreast of new initiatives about children (LPN) in Samut Sakhon (Thailand) and the staff of 5 on the move in West Africa, along with the Terre des the Amicul centre and the Child Rights Information Hommes Foundation’s teams in Benin, Burkina Faso Centre (CRIC/CIDDC), whom I visited in Moldova and Togo, and staff involved in the Foundation’s on behalf of UNICEF. I am also grateful to other initiatives to improve child protection and stop child child rights specialists, such as Dr Najat M’jid, and traffi cking in South East Europe, including Vincent organisations which I did not visit while preparing Tournecuillert, Thierry Agagliate and the team in this study, but with whose staff I have been in contact Elbasan, Albania, and their partner, ARSIS, now in the past: Casa Alianza (Covenant House) in several operating in parts of Albania as well as Greece. I am Central American countries; the Mouvement Africain grateful to the Terre des Hommes Germany team des Enfants et Jeunes Travailleurs (MAEJT), African in India and to the staff of Haq for facilitating my Movement of Child and Youth Workers, along with contacts with the Indian organisations they support ENDA Jeunesse Action, based in Senegal; and the and work with, and to Terre des Hommes Germany’s International Organization for Adolescents (IOFA), representative in Southern Africa, Lea Boaventura, for based in New York. providing me with information about their projects in the region. Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CPU child protection unit CRC UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) EU European Union FGM female genital mutilation HIV Human Immunodefi ciency Virus IPEC ILO’s International Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour ILO International Labour Organization and International Labour Offi ce IOM International Organization for Migration IPEC The ILO’s International Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour LPN Labour Rights Promotion Network (an NGO in Thailand) NFE non-formal education ODIHR- OSCE The Offi ce for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe NGO non-governmental organisation UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund US United States US$ US (United States) Dollar Glossary adolescent A person between the ages of 10 and 19. best interests of the child “In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration”. (Article 6 3 of the CRC) child The word child is used throughout this study in accordance with the defi nition contained in Article 1 of the CRC: “For the purpose of this present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of 18 years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier”. commercial sexual The sexual exploitation of a child for remuneration in cash or in kind, exploitation (of children) usually but not always organised by an intermediary (parent, family member, procurer, pimp etc.), mainly for the purposes of prostitution and production of pornography. debt bondage Also known as bonded labour. A form of forced labour and slavery incurred when someone accepts a loan and agrees to work to pay it off, but when the value of their labour, or that of a relative who works to pay off the debt, is considerably more than the value of the loan. Debt bondage is defi ned and prohibited by a 1956 UN Supplementary Convention on Slavery. dhaba Eating place, café or local restaurant in India. exploitation The UN Traffi cking Protocol adopted in 2000 states that the forms of exploitation associated with human traffi cking include, “at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.” The CRC requires States which have ratifi ed it (i.e., every State in the world except two) to take “legislative, administrative, social and educational measures” to ensure “the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development” (article 32). The CRC also requires States “to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse” (article 34), in particular measures to prevent: a. The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity; b. The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices; c. The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials. Finally, the CRC also requires States to “protect the child against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the child’s welfare” (article 35). immigration offi cial Includes border police and others involved in processing new arrivals at airports, ports and other frontier crossing points. landlords Individuals based in West African cities who offer temporary accommodation to migrants arriving from the same ethnic group or home area. In the case of children, they fi nd them jobs and sometimes provide them with other services. law enforcement offi cial Police offi cer or other offi cials responsible for enforcing the law. 7 National Referral Mechanism Title used for procedure designed by ODIHR-OSCE for ensuring coordination between ministries, NGOs and others involved in caring for victims of traffi cking and making decisions about them. protection The notion of protection refl ects all the concrete measures that enable individuals at risk to enjoy the rights and assistance foreseen for them by international conventions. Protecting means recognising that individuals have rights and that the authorities who exercise power over them have obligations. separated child Separated children are children who have been separated from both parents, or from their previous legal or customary primary care-giver, but not necessarily from other relatives. These may therefore include children accompanied by other adult family members. traffi cker A person who engages in traffi cking in persons (as defi ned by the UN Traffi cking Protocol) Traffi cking in persons The recruitment, transport, transfer, accommodation or receipt of persons (or traffi cking (adults or children or both); in human beings) in the case of adults, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefi ts to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person; in the case of children, it refers to the recruitment, transport, transfer, accommodation or receipt of children, whether or not these means are used. In both cases (of adults and children), it is for the purpose of exploitation, which includes the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. Traffi cking Protocol UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffi cking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, linked to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000). This Protocol is sometimes referred to as the ‘Palermo Protocol’. unaccompanied child Unaccompanied children (also called unaccompanied minors) are children who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible for doing so. worst forms of child labour Defi ned by article 3 of the ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999) to comprise: “a. all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and traffi cking of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed confl ict; b. the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of 8 pornography or for pornographic performances; c. the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and traffi cking of drugs as defi ned in the relevant international treaties; d. work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children.” young person Refers to both children (under 18) and young adults who are now 18 or up to the age of 23. In this study the term ‘young people’ is used in particular to refer to those who have not yet reached 18. zari Embroidery of clothing in India. Executive Summary This study focuses on the experience of young people the context in which they travel. Previous studies who leave home or travel abroad to seek work or a have concentrated on understanding the reasons better life and also on children who are sent away why children move and the ways in which they from home by their parents. It explores initiatives expose themselves to danger – the particular which have had the effect of reducing the likelihood vulnerabilities of children on the move. This study that such children will be subjected to economic or is more pragmatic: it identifi es methods that have sexual exploitation. It sets out to go beyond identifying been used to assist such children and to reduce the vulnerable situations faced by such children, by the likelihood that they will be subjected to abuse. examining what techniques have proved helpful to children who move away from their families. The study consists of three separate parts. Part 1 introduces the subject and reviews the opportunities Over the past two decades, the media and organisations to protect children on the move in a hypothetical based in Europe and North America have focused way, by listing some of the risks they face and the attention on various forms of abuse suffered by techniques which are used to minimise such risks this group of children (such as sexual abuse and (Chapter 2). It reviews the responsibilities that child traffi cking) or on specifi c sub-sets of children governments have to protect children who have been who have left home, such as street children and separated from their parents (also in Chapter 2). unaccompanied children who go abroad to seek asylum. By focusing on children who have had a Part 2 consists of six chapters describing techniques particular experience or suffered a specifi c form of that have been tried in six regions of the world: abuse, however, the methods that can be used for Central America (Chapter 3); South East Europe preventing abuse that have come under the spotlight and the Baltic States (Chapter 4); Western Europe have also been narrow and specifi c. As a result, the (Chapter 5); West Africa (Chapter 6); South Asia more general methods that serve to protect children (Chapter 7) and South East Asia (Chapter 8). Many in general from abuse, or ALL young people who similarities are noted in the initiatives undertaken in travel as ‘separated children’, have been neglected. different regions, as well as some notable differences. In part, the study provides an opportunity for those As a matter of public policy, most governments based in one region to read about what is being done encourage children to attend school and to remain in other parts of the world to protect children who there, at least until they complete their primary or are in similar situations. elementary education. However, millions do not do so and set out to ‘seek their fortune’ while still adolescents Part 3 reviews some of the common characteristics 99 or even before reaching puberty. While public policy of initiatives in the six regions (Chapter 9). The fi nal may not want to approve or encourage their actions, chapter (Chapter 10) presents 10 conclusions and thousands of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) recommendations. around the world are engaged in initiatives to protect and assist such children, particularly when they are The techniques described in the six regions of the far from home and seem highly vulnerable to abuse world include ones intended to enhance the capacity because they are cut off from the families or home of an individual child to protect herself or himself, communities who could be expected to look after them. many of which require an investment in education or teaching skills before a child leaves home. They Over the past two years various organisations have also include: started taking a more general look at the situation of children without parental care who are ‘on the Techniques to enable children to organise collectively move’, in order to see whether some child protection to protect themselves, sometimes while still living techniques can be used to reach children who are at home, but especially once they reach the places generally categorised as having different needs, because where they are more isolated, in a town or city, of the different sorts of abuse they experience or trying to earn a living;