Indian Journal of History of Science, 45.4 (2010) 533-558 KHWAJA ABDUL HAMIED (1898-1972) – PIONEER SCIENTIST INDUSTRIALIST HARKISHAN SINGH* (Received 23 July 2010; revised 28 October 2010) Khwaja Abdul Hamied (1898-1972) was a pioneer pharmaceutical industrialist in India. He was a patriot and true nationalist. He responded to the call for civil disobedience by Mahatma Gandhi during his studies at the Muir Central College of the Allahabad University where he was a master level student in chemistry. After teaching for a few years at the newly created Jamia Millia Islamia, he proceeded to Germany for higher studies. He obtained doctorate from the University of Berlin and spent a year more in Germany acquainting himself with the emerging industrial technologies. He toyed with the idea of establishing a Technical Research Institute which did not materialise. He very much desired to be a university teacher but that too did not come through. He had no other option but to engage in sales business. After a struggle of six years, he got to have enough resources to establish himself as a technical industrial chemist, the vocation for which he was really trained. In 1935 Dr Hamied founded the Chemical, Industrial & Pharmaceutical Laboratories (CIPLA) which has continued to progress and is today a leading drug company of the country. He had a significant role in the establishment and working of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. He remained associated with several official and professional bodies. He left a lasting impact on scientific and technological development of the country. Key words: Chemical, Industrial & Pharmaceutical Laboratories (CIPLA), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Chemical Manufacturers’ Association, Indian Pharmaceutical Association, Indian Pharmaceutical Congress Association, Zakir Husain. INTRODUCTION For this write up, a careful survey was made of the available literature; the information obtained has been appropriately cited. The Royal Institute of Chemistry * Professor Emeritus, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, 1135 Sector 43, Chandigarh 160022 534 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE file on Hamied made available by the Royal Society of Chemistry,1 souvenirs published on the occasion of his 70th birthday celebration,2,3 his autobiography,4 and certain other publications5-7 supplied by the CIPLA proved to be of particular interest. During the earlier part of life, his name stood as Abdul Hamied Khwaja (A. H. Khwaja), which he later changed to Khwaja Abdul Hamied (K. A. Hamied). EARLY LIFE AND PARTICIPATION IN THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT Abdul Hamied was born on 31 October 1898 at Aligarh, U.P. He was the fourth child of Khwaja Abdul Ali, descendent of the reputed Sufi Khwaja Sayed Abdulla Ahrar of Iran. His mother Masud Jehan Begum was a direct descendent of Shah Shuja-ul-Mulkh Durrani, Amir of Afghanistan. Khwaja Abdul Hamied 1898-1972 Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan, his father’s uncle, was the founder of the Mohamadan Anglo Oriental College, which later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University. Hamied’s father was one of the first students who graduated from M.A.O. College, later he qualified in Law and practised as an advocate at the Allahabad High Court, before his joining the U.P. Provincial Service. Hamied passed his matriculation from Islamia High School, Etawah, with distinction in mathematics. For the intermediate studies he was at the Agra College (1915-17); the subject of chemistry fascinated him. At the time leather industry KHWAJA ABDUL HAMIED (1898-1972) 535 was extremely prosperous and this made Hamied to join the leather trade school at Madras where he spent a year to complete his studies. Now he decided to go in for graduation in science and enrolled himself at the Muir Central College of the Allahabad University and qualified for B.Sc. degree in 1920. His special liking for chemistry brought him close to Professor N. R. Dhar, of whom he became a pet student. He joined the M.Sc. chemistry class to continue his studies under Professor Dhar. It was about the time that after the Jallianwalla Bagh tragedy the Mahatma Gandhi’s Civil Disobedience and Non-co-operation Movement spread like wild fire. The call stirred the nation. The countrymen responded to it with elan. Young Abdul Hamied exhorted the students to leave Muir Central College; with him about 200 students left the College with a pledge to fight for freedom of the country. Hamied returned to Aligarh where his father after retirement from Government service had settled down. At Aligarh the student agitation was at its peak. Zakir Husain was then an M.A. student at the University and vice-president of the Aligarh Muslim Union, with whom about 1,000 students also left the University. These students who had left the University clamoured for continuing their studies. The All India Khilafat Committee established a university under the name ‘Jamia Millia Islamia’ (National Muslim Univerity) at Aligarh.8 Among the faculty appointed were Zakir Husain and Abdul Hamied as readers to teach economics and chemistry, respectively; that is where a lifelong personal relationship between the two started in 1920. Hamied’s father had an interest in medicines. When he retired as a judicial officer in 1920, with the money he got from his Provident Fund, he started a shop Alison Chemists and Druggists, which both father and son managed.9,10 Hamied combined teaching at the Jamia Millia with running of the chemists shop.11 In Hamied’s own words it is stated, ‘This was how I acquired a liking for drugs and medicines and perhaps it is due to this that when I established myself in business in Bombay, I started the chemical and pharmaceutical laboratories for the manufacture of drugs and medicines.’9 It was in connection with spreading the Non-co-operation Movement that Mahatma Gandhi, Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal and other leaders were on a visit to Aligarh and staying at the residence of Hamied’s uncle A. M. Khwaja. Hamied records that ‘It was during this stay of Mahtma Gandhi at my uncle’s residence 536 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE that I had the privilege of serving Gandhiji and remaining in his company for over a week. I thus came to know Gandhiji intimately’,12 Later in December 1921 when Hamied went to Ahmedabad for the Congress session he stayed at Sabarmati Ashram with Mahatma Gandhi.13 Gradually Hamied got to know well the stalwarts of the freedom movement. STUDIES IN GERMANY After the Non-Co-operation Movemnet had been suspended by Mahatma Gandhi, Zakir Husain at the insistence of Abdul Hamied left for Germany for higher studies in 1923. Hamied himself wanted to go abroad but his father had no money to provide him the support. His mother had some property at Delhi and Aligarh which she had inherited from her father. She sold her property to enable Hamied to go overseas for studies. He sailed for Europe in September 1924 and reached Berlin where Zakir Husain was studying for his doctrate in economics. Hamied had to make necessary efforts to learn German language. His professional interest was in chemical technology. He got admitted to the research laboratory of Professor A. Rosenheim of the Fredrich Wilhelm University at Berlin; in the writings on Zakir Husain and Hamied the name of the institution appears as Berlin University. He worked on a technical problem, ‘The Technology of Barium Compounds’ (1924-26), which he contributed for doctoral thesis, qualifying the oral examination with the remarks cum Laude, meaning ‘with praise.’ Another student who appeared with him was N. N. Godbole who later became professor of industrial chemistry at the Banaras Hindu University. While on a short vacation during the 1925 Easter holidays, Hamied met a young girl Luba of Polish origin whose intelligence and beauty touched him, little realising then that she would later become his life partner. While working at the Berlin University, Hamied attended classes of various professors. He was particularly impressed by the teachings of chemistry Nobel Laureates Professor Fritz Haber and Professor Walther Hermann Nernst. During the vacations of 1925/26, he worked in the laboratory of Dr W. Kohen and engaged in chemical and technical analysis of food stuffs, drugs and medicines. After getting his doctorate Hamied stayed on in Germany for another year. For two months he worked at a factory at Rathenau, near Berlin, and learnt the modern techniques of soap and perfume manufacture. He was employed as KHWAJA ABDUL HAMIED (1898-1972) 537 voluntary assistant in the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry where he worked with Professor M. Volmer. The other experiences Dr Hamied gained while in Germany were in factories producing hydrogenated edible oils, making glass-lined and enamel vessels, and preparation of analytical chemicals. He also joined for some months school of pharmacy in Dahlem. By now Hamied felt well equipped with practical knowledge of different industrial technologies. Dr Hamied left for India in October 1927. He had decided to marry Luba but could not do it till he got settled in life. In September 1927, Hamied made an application for election to Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry, London; the election materialised in April 1928.1 STRUGGLE AND TURNING THE CORNER For his homeward journey, Hamied sailed from Marseilles for Colombo, from where he was to travel by train for Bombay. During the travel by ship of nearly twenty days he had ample time to think about his future career. He felt that India needed an organisation for chemical and industrial research and experimentation to give practical training to the young graduates, in various processes of chemical industry so that they could learn to establish small industrial units. He conceived of establishing a Technical Research Institute. He completed writing his plan for the institute by the time the steamer reached Colombo. Back home Hamied had an offer for a post at the Banaras Hindu University which he declined. He was very enthusiastic about his own scheme of a technical research institute. He went from place to place, meeting people who could give funds for starting the institute. Everywhere he met with disappointment. He was advised to approach the fabulously rich Raja of Nanpara who lived in Lucknow. He met the Raja who listened to him patiently but showed no inclination for the educational institution of Hamied’s conception. Instead, the Raja asked Hamied if he could accompany him as his private secretary on a trip to Europe he was to undertake in April 1928. The terms offered were attractive. Hamied accepted to work as Raja’s private secretary. Hamied with the Raja and his party left for Europe. He considered this return to the continent so soon nothing but providential. They visited different places. He started disliking the job with the Raja and left the position while in 538 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Europe. He then went to Berlin where Luba was still studying at a polytechnic. He informed parents and then married Luba at a mosque in Berlin. They lived there for some months. Hamied did not have much money. He made up his mind to go back to India to take a suitable job as a teacher in a university or failing which to establish a business. He left Luba in London with one of his cousins to study English. Possibly he was not sure of an appropriate job placement on return. He went to Leipzig to see an international exhibition and happened to visit there the stall of Seidel & Naumann, Dresden, a huge company manufacturing sewing machines, typewriters and several other items. He worked out for himself agency of the company for typewriters at Bombay. Travelling as deck passenger he arrived in Bombay in April 1929. Seeing his successful promotion of sale of typewriters at Bombay, the parent company in Germany appointed him their agent for whole of India. His heart was still set for a teaching assignment. He unsuccessfully tried for the post of a reader in chemistry at the Aligarh University. The family at Aligarh was unhappy at his coming back alone leaving the bride behind. His mother and sister gave him the money to travel and he returned to Europe after a stay of only a few months in India. From London via Berlin the couple went to Wilna in Poland to meet Luba’s parents, before leaving for India in October 1929. While in Germany, Hamied made a fresh agreement with Homo Pharma, Berlin, the firm with which during an earlier visit he had obtained the agency for ‘Okasa’ which was a fast selling drug in Europe as an outstanding restorative tonic. The agency of Okasa and of typewriters were not doing well. Hamied could retain the Okasa agency with the monetary help from his mother. In the meantime the Seidel & Naumann enquired if he could be their agent in India for their well known Naumann sewing machines. He personally travelled to Dresden, Germany, and negotiated with the company for establishing an office at Bombay and a provision of salary for himself and office expenses. At his instance the company prepared typewriter with chemical keyboard. It looked a little odd that a promising youngman with a doctorate from the Berlin University and experience in different industrial technologies was struggling selling typewriters, sewing machines and Okasa. He did not lose heart. Hamied KHWAJA ABDUL HAMIED (1898-1972) 539 records in his autobiography, “. . . ., he had read a book by some American author entitled ‘He who thinks he can, he can.’ “ He quoted a sentence from this book: ‘It is better to be a small wheel, no matter how tiny than to be a cog in a big wheel.’14 He did not want to be a cog but to be a wheel himself; his mental attitude was attuned to that objective. With his persistence the business in Okasa, typewriters and sewing machines started doing well and began to flourish. He now felt that he had turned the corner. He could live more comfortably and travel overseas with luxury.15 He obtained distribution rights to sell Okasa in the East; the Okasa agency was coverted into a Private Limited Company and there were set up agencies in Singapore, Bangkok and Rangoon.16 Luba and Abdul Hamied with their son Yusuf The first child of Hamied and Luba was a daughter Sophie (born in 1934). They had two sons Yusuf and Muku. SCIENTIST INDUSTRIALIST DR HAMIED All the six years of hard life, Hamied had remained conscious of his being a Technical Industrial Chemist and longed to establish an industry. By 1935 he was in a position to realise his dream of founding a chemical and pharmaceutical laboratory. For the firm he envisioned, he coined the name, “The Chemical, Industrial and Pharmaceutical Laboratories” which he called CIPLA for short. The firm was registered as a Public Limited Company on 17 August 1935 with an authorised capital of Rs 6,00,000/-. There was difficulty in obtaining 540 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE signatures to the Memorandum and Articles of Association. The selling of shares of the company was also a problem. The hurdles were somehow come over and the company started. Generally everyone who floats a company allots to himself quite a good number of promotion shares, which Hamied did not. He gave the company all his patent and proprietary formulae for several drugs and medicines for which he did not charge any royalty. For several years, he did not take any remuneration to which he was entitled as per the agreement. The Directors did not take any fees. Dr Hamied left for a visit to Europe in April 1936 and there interviewed Dr Rothenheim from Berlin, who had been contacted through a friend, found him suitable for Cipla and appointed him as a pharmaceutical chemist.17 Hamied and Rothenheim contacted manufacturers of pharmaceutical machinery in Berlin and also in London and ordered some machinery for Cipla. At Bombay they opted for a small bungalow at 289 Bellasis Road, Byculla, and took it on lease. Necessary alterations and remodelling work took several months and by this time the machinery ordered had arrived. There were teething troubles. The opening ceremony of Cipla was held on 22 September 1937 when the first products of the company were ready to be put on the market. Among those who The premises occupied by Cipla in 1936 KHWAJA ABDUL HAMIED (1898-1972) 541 were present at the function were Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar, Sir S. S. Bhatnagar, Sir Mohamed Yusuf and many leading industrialists and elites of Bombay.18 For a new pharmaceutical company it takes time to establish its name and prestige among medical profession for quality and standard of its products. In the first five years the company made losses. In 1938, even closing of Cipla was contemplated. The huge losses which the company incurred made it impossible to appoint qualified people on high salaries. Hamied, therefore, took upon himself the entire work of running Cipla, controlling manufacture, developing and producing new products, writing medical literature for every product and looking after the training of medical representatives. It was through loans at high rates at Hamied’s own personal risk and guarantee that Cipla was kept running. By the end of 1939, the Second World War started and supplies of drugs and medicines from abroad were suddenly cut off. To meet the civil and defence requirements, orders started pouring in. ‘In 1941, the company made sufficient profits to wipe off the losses and it now turned the corner and from a dying concern emerged as a progressive organization, which soon became well known all over India and abroad.’19 In 1944, the Bellasis Road property was purchased which till then was on lease; there followed subsequent remodelling and renovation and addition of a second storey. The capital of the company was increased from Rs six lakhs to thirty lakhs. The company acquired land and buildings at Vikhroli. In 1951 there came up a new building adjacent to the old one at Bellasis Road. Before proceeding further a mention may be made of Hamied’s election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry in early 1945.1,20 Hamied had contemplated to start a chemical factory as a separate concern or as an extension of the existing pharmaceutical company. His aim was realised when in 1960, the chemical division was started for the manufacture of an important substance, diosgenin the precursor to sex harmones, etc. The division was put under the charge of his son Dr Yusuf Hamied who returned from Cambridge in 1960 with a Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry. The Chemical Division of the Cipla developed into one of the leading concerns manufacturing steroids and hormones. By 1972 the Cipla had two manufacturing units, one for Pharmaceuticals and the other for Fine Chemicals, Drug Intermediates and Steroids.22 This progress 542 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE was made in K. A. Hamied’s lifetime. In 1972 a Cipla Agricultural Division was started at Bangalore for cultivation of medicinal plants. The total capital employed as on January 1972 in the company was Rs 1.10 crores. Cipla is today among the leading drug companies of the country. Gandhiji’s visit to Cipla on 4 July 1939 From left: Sushila Nayyar, Mahtma Gandhi, K. A. Hamied, and Sardar Patel Visit to Cipla in 1939 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (in the middle) with Asaf Ali to his right and K. A. Hamied