KEEPING THE CONCEPT CLEAR: A PERSPECTIVE ON PERFORMING SELECTED MEZZO-SOPRANO SONGS FROM THE MUSICALS OF STEPHEN SONDHEIM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF ARTS BY JENNIFER ARBOGAST DISSERTATION ADVISOR: DR. MEI ZHONG BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNICE, INDIANA JULY, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER TWO: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF STEPHEN SONDHEIM .................................... 6 Early Years (Sondheim prior to West Side Story) ....................................................................... 6 Influences ................................................................................................................................... 10 Works as a Lyricist (West Side Story and Gypsy) ...................................................................... 16 Sondheim as a Lyricist ........................................................................................................... 16 West Side Story...................................................................................................................... 17 Gypsy ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Do I Hear a Waltz? ................................................................................................................ 20 Works as Both Composer and Lyricist ...................................................................................... 22 Sondheim as a Composer ....................................................................................................... 23 A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ............................................................. 24 Anyone Can Whistle .............................................................................................................. 26 Follies ..................................................................................................................................... 27 A Little Night Music .............................................................................................................. 29 The Frogs ............................................................................................................................... 31 Pacific Overtures .................................................................................................................... 32 Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street ................................................................. 33 Sunday in the Park with George ............................................................................................ 35 Passion ................................................................................................................................... 37 Wise Guys/Bounce/Road Show ............................................................................................. 39 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER THREE: MEZZO-SOPRANOS OF THE AMERICAN MUSICAL ......................... 43 The Golden Age of Musical Theatre.......................................................................................... 43 The Rock Musical (and the Contemporary Musical) ................................................................. 47 The Concept Musical ................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER FOUR: AMY IN COMPANY (1970) .......................................................................... 55 ii Company: Inception, Creation, and Reception .......................................................................... 55 Cultural and Historical Influences ............................................................................................. 62 The Development of the Character of Amy ............................................................................... 65 Musical Characterization of Amy in “Not Getting Married”..................................................... 67 Performance Considerations ...................................................................................................... 72 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER FIVE: BETH IN MERRILY WE ROLL ALONG (1981) ............................................. 77 Merrily We Roll Along: Inception, Creation, and Reception ..................................................... 77 Cultural and Historical Influences ............................................................................................. 83 The Development of the Character of Beth ............................................................................... 88 Musical Characterization of Beth in “Not a Day Goes By”....................................................... 90 Performance Considerations ...................................................................................................... 93 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER SIX: THE BAKERS WIFE IN INTO THE WOODS (1987) ...................................... 99 Into the Woods: Inception, Creation, and Reception ................................................................. 99 Fairy Tale Inspirations ............................................................................................................. 104 The Development of the Character of the Baker’s Wife.......................................................... 111 Performance Considerations .................................................................................................... 119 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 122 CHAPTER SEVEN: LYNETTE “SQUEAKY” FROMME IN ASSASSINS (1990) ................... 124 Assassins: Inception, Creation, and Reception ........................................................................ 124 Political Inspirations and Influences ........................................................................................ 130 The Development of the Character of Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme ........................................ 135 Musical Characterization of Squeaky Fromme in “Unworthy of Your Love” ........................ 140 Performance Considerations .................................................................................................... 144 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 146 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDY ............................................. 148 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 155 APPENDIX A: LECTURE RECITAL PROGRAM ................................................................... 159 APPENDIX B: LECTURE RECITAL RECORDING……………………………………….…………attached audio files iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There have been several people involved in the creative process for this project, to whom I owe a great deal of gratitude and appreciation. I would be remiss if I did not first thank my doctoral committee at Ball State University, especially my chair, Dr. Mei Zhong. Dr. Zhong has worked tirelessly to help me achieve all of my goals, and she is a shining example of the type of inspiration I hope to one day be for my own students. Also, Dr. Kathleen Maurer, Dr. Duane Karna, Dr. Michael O’Hara, and Dr. Karen Thatcher have been tremendously insightful and supportive throughout my entire doctoral journey, and none of my successes would have been possible without guidance from these outstanding educators. I would also like to thank the following other influential educational figures, who aided me through my journey as employers, instructors, advisors, and directors: Dr. Douglas Amman, Dr. Patricia Robertson, Dr. Al Harrison, Dr. Lori Rhoden, Professor Todd Sandman, Professor Jodi Cotton, Dr. Linda Pohly, Dr. Meryl Mantione, Professor Peter Miller, and Dr. Todd Guy. Each of these people played an integral role in seeing me through each hurdle of my education, helping me through failures and times of growth, and celebrating my successes alongside me. iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION During the second half of the twentieth century, American musical theatre underwent many evolutionary changes. The book musical of Rodgers and Hammerstein, where music and dance were fully integrated into the development of a linear plot based on a book, was no longer commonplace, and different approaches to the musical emerged. One of these approaches was the concept musical, which can be defined in several different ways, but the most commonly accepted definition of a concept musical is a musical that is based around a central concept or idea in lieu of following the traditional trajectory of a linear plot.1 Stephen Sondheim is commended as one of the greatest composers of the concept musical, and is often credited with establishing the genre. Although Sondheim is often praised as a lyricist and composer, his musicals have received mixed reviews. They are often criticized for the lack of a linear plot or the absence of the “happy ending” that is prevalent in musical theatre. However, Sondheim’s musicals are widely acclaimed for their musical complexity and intellectually stimulating concepts. An example of the stimulating possibilities discovered through the avenue of Sondheim’s concept musicals is Company, which is frequently acknowledged as the first great concept musical. This 1 Scott Miller, “Assassins and the Concept Musical,” in Stephen Sondheim: A Casebook, Joanne Gordon, ed. (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1997), 187. masterpiece does not follow a linear story line, but instead focuses on the complexities of relationships between people. Sondheim’s musicals were composed at a time in society when women were becoming more educated and respected. Thus, it is not surprising that the female characters in his musicals exhibit remarkable complexity. Sondheim’s characters are rooted both in their original historical contexts and within the complexities of the music and lyrics, and solo performances should be mindful of these roots. A soloist should attend to both Sondheim’s musical devices and informed character analyses in order to fully realize the work of art. This research will provide a resource for performers that will assist in preparation of selected roles. From a singer’s perspective, one of the most notable qualities of Sondheim’s music is his uncanny ability to set a vocal line. Though his melodies do not tend to be “hummable” or instinctively memorable like the music of Rodgers and Hammerstein, his synthesis of words and music is incredible. The vocal lines suit the intonation of speech and flow naturally. His songs do give insight into the characters and plot development, which is difficult to find in many of the musicals that preceded Sondheim. After an era where characters sang about “beautiful mornings” and “enchanted evenings,” Sondheim’s intricate lyrics and distinctive style of music serve a different purpose, where the question of why a character is singing rather than speaking never seems necessary. The research presented here is an important and unique contribution because it presents a comprehensive perspective of four different mezzo-soprano roles from the musicals of Stephen Sondheim. Both musicological and performance practice approaches are considered for the research in each chapter, a comprehensive strategy that 2 is often missing in similar research projects. Each subsequent chapter discusses the inception, creation, and reception of each musical, the cultural and historical influences on the musical, the development of a specific character, and the musical characterization of the same character. The selected musicals—Company, Merrily We Roll Along, Into the Woods, and Assassins—cover a period of twenty years, 1970-1990, which is in the midst of Sondheim’s most productive period of compositional output. These four roles were chosen because they offer a broad range of compositional techniques employed by Sondheim and display a variety of different character types. Chapter two provides an overview of Sondheim’s contribution to the genre of American musical theatre. This research is important in order to understand Sondheim’s overall approach as a composer and lyricist; an understanding that grounds both the musicological and theatrical analyses that follow. The chapter covers contextual information regarding his collaborators, his process, and the reception of each musical. The information contained within displays Sondheim’s penchant for making bold compositional choices in order to fully commit to his artistic vision. Chapter three discusses different categories of American musical theatre and compares typical mezzo-soprano characters from these genres to typical mezzo-sopranos in Sondheim musicals. Specifically, the chapter compares and contrasts Sondheim’s characterization of mezzo-sopranos with treatment of similar characters from Golden Age Musicals and Rock Musicals. The research presented in this chapter illustrates Sondheim’s progressive treatment of female characters, and presents how his approach differs from his contemporaries. 3 The subsequent four chapters—chapters four through seven—discuss research based on four mezzo-soprano roles from the musicals of Stephen Sondheim. The roles included in this study are Amy from Company, Beth from Merrily We Roll Along, the Baker’s Wife from Into the Woods, and Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme from Assassins. Each of the chapters includes research on contextual factors of each musical, including an overview of the inception of the idea, the reception of the work, and discussion of historical and cultural factors that affected the production. Understanding factors that influenced Sondheim’s composition of the musical will inform elements of characterization of the roles being discussed. Additionally, the chapters include research on the development of the selected mezzo-soprano roles. The character analyses were completed via Chekhov’s acting method, which is grounded in the Stanislavski method. In this type of character analysis, the actor must consider personal events in his or her own life and relate those events to the events occurring in the dramatic moment onstage. The actor’s objective in the Stanislavski and Chekhov methods is naturalness—therefore, the actress must find attributes of the character she can relate to, in order to create genuine natural moments onstage. The discussion of character development in the subsequent chapters focuses on some prominent elements of the selected mezzo-soprano roles, with the intention of offering suggestions for the actress preparing the designated songs. After completing functional harmonic analysis, important musical events were selected and highlighted in the research based on the impact they had on characterization. The musical analysis considers several key elements of music, including melody, harmony, timbre, dynamics, form, tempo, and rhythm. After examining these elements to 4 determine major musical events, the lyrics are taken into consideration to determine the manner in which Sondheim fuses music and lyrics to enable musical characterization. Following a character analysis and a musical analysis, the research is synthesized and hypotheses regarding performance practice of the selected songs are provided. The sections regarding performance considerations include suggestions for acting choices as well as postulations of ways important musical events can be highlighted to enhance a performance. The theories provided in these portions of the chapter are relevant for performers preparing these songs, as well as for pedagogues assisting mezzo-soprano students with these songs or roles. A recorded example of a performance that uses these suggestions can be found as Appendix B, accompanying this document. The final chapter of this document contains a summary and conclusions of the research. The research takes a classical approach to musical theatre idioms, and combines different conventions of these two genres. Chapter eight explores the implications of this synthesis, draws conclusions based on the research, and gives recommendations for further study. 5 CHAPTER TWO: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF STEPHEN SONDHEIM Early Years (Sondheim prior to West Side Story) Herbert and Janet Sondheim, a comfortable upper-middle class New York couple, had a son on March 22, 1930. What this couple did not realize was that this son, Stephen Joshua Sondheim, would go on to become one of the most brilliant and innovative composers in American musical theatre. Stephen Sondheim’s parents’ divorce in 1940 proved to be a central event in his childhood, which ultimately facilitated a fortuitous move to Doylestown, Pennsylvania that granted Sondheim the opportunity to meet one of the greatest influences in his life, Oscar Hammerstein II.2 Hammerstein had tremendous influence over Sondheim as a young man and a composer. Sondheim began his musical pursuits at a very young age. He started to play piano at the age of seven, and took lessons for approximately two years, though he doesn’t remember why he stopped. Sondheim’s parents woke him up at night to entertain guests by playing Rimsky-Korsakov’s “Flight of the Bumblebee,” one of the pieces Sondheim enjoyed playing. Interestingly, Sondheim does not recall having a special interest in music at a young age. He did not think he had unique talents in music 2 Stephen Banfield, Sondheim’s Broadway Musicals (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1993), 12.