Kashmiri Language Linguistics and Culture An Annotated Bibliography Omkar N Koul Indian Institute of Language Studies Kashmiri Language, Linguistics and Culture An Annotated Bibliography by Omkar N Koul © The Author First published 2000 Published by Central Institute of Indian Langugaes Manasagangotri Mysore 570006 Contents Preface 1. Introduction 2. Genealogical Classification and Dialect Survey 3. Phonetics and Phonology 4. Grammars and Grammatical Studies 5. Sociolinguistics 6. Lexicography 7. Socio-cultural and Historical Studies 8. Folklore 9. Literature References Index 1. Introduction An annotated bibliography of the available source materials in a language is an important aid for a researcher. in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in preparation of different types of bibliographies in languages. No detailed bibliography was available for Kashmiri for a long period of time. Schmidt and Koul (1983) have compiled Kohitani to Kashmiri: An Annotated Bibliography of Dardic languages which includes bibliographical references of the available source materials in Shina, Kashmiri and other languages. Since it is developed to different languages of Dardic Group of languages, it has limited references related to Kashmiri. It is out of print now. This annotated bibliography contains bibliographical references of all prominent works on Kashmiri language, linguistics, culture and literature which are available from the 19th century onwards. Serious research work on Kashmiri language, and linguistics commenced around the end of nineteenth century. A number of European as well as Indian scholars have worked on Kashmiri at different linguistic levels: phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax, semantics, lexicon etc. Research work has been done in the areas of history, culture, folklore and literature as well. With an increasing interest in the teaching and learning of Kashmiri as a second/ foreign language, various language teaching courses have also been produced. The bibliography is classified into eight major subjects. A review of the available materials is presented in the beginning of each chapter. Following are the subject heads: 1. Genealogical Classification and Dialects Survey 2. Phonetics and Phonology 3. Grammar and Grammatical Studies 4. Sociolinguistics 5. Lexicography 6. Socio-culture and Historical Studies 7. Folklore 8. Literature All the entries start with author’s name followed by year of publication, title, name, place of publication and name of publishers. In case of journals the name of the journal, volume and issue numbers are given. The information about articles written in Kashmiri, Urdu, Hindi have been collected from different journals and edited books. The titles of Kashmiri, Hindi-Urdu articles and books have been translated into English and given in parentheses. All Kashmiri, Hindi and Urdu entries have been transcribed into Roman. Each major entry is followed by annotation. The annotation provides general information on the subject of the title. Wherever exact dates of publication are not available, information regarding the dates has been left out. I have also incorporated some unpublished dissertations which have come to my notice. I have listed each entry in full with its annotation, if any, under its primary subject heading. Other subjects treated in the work are also indicated. I have left those articles un-annotated whose content is apparent from the title itself. The bibliography has been compiled keeping in view the need of students, researchers, teachers and librarians. This will be useful especially for those researchers who need information regarding such resource materials pertinent to their research. The listing of articles, books and dissertations under different classified subjects may be helpful to obtain up to date information of the studies related to different aspects of Kashmiri language, linguistics, culture and literature. The bibliographical reference may help in avoiding duplication of work by the researchers. The bibliographical reference will be useful to the librarians for collecting the source materials on different subjects. The librarians and supervisors can provide necessary information to researchers to secure data on specific subjects. 1. Genealogical Classification and Dialect Survey The Kashmiri language is primarily spoken in the Kashmiri valley of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It is called k :shur or k shir zaba:n by its native speakers and the valley is (cid:0) (cid:1)(cid:3)(cid:2) called k shi:r. As per the census figures of 1981 there were (cid:1) 30,76,398 native speakers of the language. No census was conducted in 1991. The issue related to the origin or genealogical classification of Kashmiri has been discussed at length. Grierson has placed Kashmiri under the Dardic group of languages. He has classified Dardic languages under three major groups: 1. The Kafir Group, 2. The Khowar or Chitrali Group, and 3. The Dard Group. According to his classification, the Dard Group includes Shina, Kashmiri, Kashtawari, Poguli, Siraji, Rambai, and Kohistani – the last comprising Garwi, Torwali and Maiya. Grierson considers the Dardic languages to be sub-family of the Aryan languages “neither of Indian nor of Iranian origin, but (forming) a third branch of Aryan stock, which separated from the parent stem after the branching forth of original of the Indian languages, but before the Iranian languages had developed all their peculiar characteristics” (1906:4). He has further observed that ‘Dardic’ is only a geographical convention. Morgenstierne (1961) has placed Kashmiri under the Dardic Group of Indo- Aryan languages along with Kashtawari and other dialects which are strongly influenced by Dogri. Fussman (1972) has based his work on that Morgenstierne’s classification. He has also emphasized that the Dardic is a geographical and not a linguistic expression. It is not in the absence of reliable comparative data about Dardic languages, a geographic or ethnographic label ‘Dardic’ is frequently used to identity a group of languages or dialects. According to Chaterjee (1963:256) Kashmiri has developed like other Indo-Aryan languages out of the Indo-European family of languages and is to be considered as a branch of Indo-Aryan like Hindi, Punjabi etc. This option is held by other scholars as well. The classification of Dardic languages has been reviewed in some works (Kachru 1969, Strand 1973, Koul and Schmidt 1984) with different purposes in mind. Kachru points out linguistic characteristics of Kashmiri. Strand presents his observations on Kafir languages. Koul and Schmidt have reviewed the literature on the classification of Dardic languages and have investigated the linguistic characteristics or features of the languages with special reference to Kashmiri and Shina. There has been little linguistically oriented dialect research on Kashmiri so far. There are two types of dialects: (a) Regional dialects, and (b) Social dialects. Regional Dialects are of two types: (1) those regional dialects or variations which are spoken within the valley of Kashmiri, and those which are spoken in the regions outside the valley of Kashmiri. Kashmiri speaking areas in the valley of Kashmir is divided into three regions: (1) Maraz (southern and south eastern region), (2) Kamraz (northern and north-west region, and (3) Srinagar and its neighboring areas. There are some minor linguistic variations in Kashmiri spoken in these areas. The main variations being phonological, and in the use of certain vocabulary items. Some of the main characteristics of those speech variations are as follows: 1. Kashmiri spoken in Maraz area retain the flap/r,/ which is replaced by /r/ in Kashmiri spoken in Srinagar. 2. The progressive or Indefinite aspect suffix -an is added to the verb roots in Kashmiri spoken in Maraz, which is replaced by -a:n in another two varieties. 3. Kashmiri spoken in Kamraz distinguishes itself from the variety spoken in Maraz as well as Srinagar mainly use of intonation and stress. 4. A number of vocabulary items are different in Kashmiri spoken in the above three regions. All the above linguistics variations are not very significant. Kashmiri spoken in the three regions is not only mutually intelligible, but quite homogeneous. These dialectical variations can be termed as different styles of the same speech. Since Kashmiri spoken in Srinagar has gained some social prestige, very frequently style switching takes place from Marazi or Kamrazi styles to the style of speech spoken in Srinagar. The phenomenon of ‘style switching’ is very common among the educated speakers of Kashmir. Kashmiri spoken in Srinagar and surrounding areas continues to hold the prestige of being the standard variety which is used in education, mass-media and literature. In the literature available in Kashmiri (Grierson 1919, Kachru 1969) including the census reports, following regional dialects of Kashmiri spoken outside the valley of the Kashmir have been listed: Kashtawari, Poguli, Rambani and Siraji do not share any of the typical linguistic characteristics with Kashmiri. Rambani and Siraji are closely related dialects which share some features such as the semantic dimensions of the pronominal system, some morphology and a substantial portion of their vocabulary (mostly borrowed from common source) with Kashmiri. The term Kohistani has no precise linguistic significance. It cannot be therefore recognize as a dialect of Kashmiri. This leaves out Kashtawari and Poguli probably the only two regional dialects of Kashmiri spoken outside the valley of Kashmir. Poguli is spoken in Pogul and Paristan valleys bordered in the east by Kashtawari, on the south by Rambani and Siraji, and on the west by mixed dialects of Lahanda and Pahari. The speakers of Poguli are found mainly to the south, south-east and south-west of Banihal. Poguli shares many linguistic features including 70% vocabulary with Kashmiri. Literate Poguli speakers of Pogul and Paristan valleys speak the standard Kashmiri as well. Kashtawari is spoken in Kashtawar valley, lying to the south-east of Kashmir. It is bordered on the south by Bhadarwahi, on the west by Chibbali and Punchi, and on the east by the Tibetan speaking region of Zanskar. According to Grierson (1919:233), Kashtawari is one true dialect of Kashmiri. It shares most linguistic features of standard Kashmiri, but retains some archaic features which have disappeared from the latter. It shares about 80% vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984). No detailed sociolinguistic research work has been conducted to study speech variations of Kashmiri spoken by different communities and speakers who belong to different professions and occupations. In some earlier works beginning with Grierson (1919:233) distinction has been pointed out in speech variations of Hindus and Muslims- two major communities who speak Kashmiri natively. Kachru (1969) has used the term Sanskritized Kashmiri and Persianized Kashmiri to denote the two style difference on the grounds of some variation in pronunciation, morphology and vocabulary used by Hindus and Muslims respectively. It is true that most of the distinct vocabulary used by Hindus is derived from Sanskrit, and that used by Muslims is derived from Perso-Arabic sources. On considering phonological and morphological variations (besides vocabulary) between these two dialects, the terms used by Kachru do not appear to be adequate enough to represent the two socio-dialectical variations of style and speech. The dichotomy of these social dialects is not always clear-cut. One can notice a process of style switching between the speakers of these two communities. The style switching depends on different situations and periods of contact between the participants of the two communities at various social, educational and other levels. Bibliographical references and annotations of the prominent works are given below. Afaq Aziz 1994. dard kha:nda:ncan mukhtapliph zaba:nan kha:skar k :shur, shina: t kohist :n’ hund akh taqa:bali: (cid:4) (cid:5) (cid:6) muta:l(cid:7) ( A comparative study of various languages of Dard group with special reference to Kashmiri, Kohistani and Shina). University of Kashmir Ph.D. dissertation (unpublished). Provides data from different dialects related too Dardic group of languages. Banihali, Marghub 1997. Poguli-k :shiri zab :n’ h nz akh ham (cid:8) (cid:8) (cid:9) (cid:10) bu:l’ [Kashmiri] (Poguli – an important dialect of Kashmiri). Anhar, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 33-48. Demarcates the Poguli speaking area and points out regional varieties of the dialect. It also mentions some linguistic characteristic of Poguli. Ganju, Triloki Nath 1975. Kashmiri bha:sha: ka: udbhav aur vika:s tatha: anya bha:ha:õ se uska: sambandh (Origin and development of Kashmiri and its relationship with other languages). Doctoral dissertation, The University of Kashmir (unpublished). Traces the history and the development of the Kashmiri language. Attempts to show its genetic relationship with Sanskrit and Apbhramsha. Most of the rules postulated for justifying the arguments, however, are not convincing and deserve a serious revision. Ganju, Triloki Nath 1977. k :shiri zab :n’ mutalakh akh nov (cid:11) (cid:11) so• :c (A new thought on the Kashmiri language). Anhar, vol.1, no.1, pp. 6-35. Reviews Grieson’s classification of Kashmir with Shina in the Dardic group of languages, and argues against it. Grierson, George A. 1906. The Pisaca languages of north- Western India. London: The royal Asiatic Society. Reprinted Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1969, pp. vii +192. This work outlines Grierson’s classification of ‘Modern Pisaca’ languages, and is the basis for his vol. 8 of the LSI. Although the classification has been superseded, it is still a useful work which bristles with phonological detail, derivations and sound correspondences. Grierson, George A. 1915. The Linguistic Classification of Kashmiri. Indian Antiquary, vol. 44, pp. 257-270. Presents a brief account of his classification of the Dardic speeches under the designation of Pisaca languages. Grierson, George A. 1910. Indo-Aryan Family, North Western group: Specimens of the Dardic or Pisaca languages (including Kashmiri). Linguistic survey of India, vol. 8, Part 2. Calcutta, Reprinted Delhi : Motital Banarasidas, 1968. 567p., Folding maps. Vols. 1, 8, Parts 1, and 2, 9, Part 1, and