Kashmir On the seventieth anniversary of Indian independence, partition and the creation of Pakistan, this ground-breaking collection brings together fourteen cutting-edge scholarly essays on multiple aspects of both the region and the issue of Kashmir. While keeping the political dimensions of the dispute over the territory in focus, these innovative essays branch out from the high politics of the conflict to consider less well-known aspects and areas of Kashmir. They examine the continuities and ruptures between Kashmir’s past and its present situation; re-evaluate the contemporary political scenario from the perspective of gender, economic and political marginality, everyday experiences and governance; and analyse the ways in which the region of Kashmir and its people are represented and (re)present themselves in films and literature through their regional and religious identities and commodities. As a whole, the objective of the volume is to reflect on the limits of postcolonial nationalism and citizenship as exemplified by the situation in contemporary Kashmir and to introduce readers to the new directions in Kashmir Studies that have emerged in the past two decades. These pioneering interdisciplinary perspectives transform our understanding of the region and the conflict, while bringing to light new sources in multiple languages for the study of this region. Chitralekha Zutshi is James Pinckney Harrison Professor of History at The College of William and Mary, USA. Her research and writing explore the intersections among religious affiliations, regional identities, nationalism, and historical thought and practice in South Asia. She has written widely on these themes in the context of Kashmir and is the author of Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir (2003/2004) and Kashmir’s Contested Pasts: Narratives, Sacred Geographies, and the Historical Imagination (2014). She is currently working on a biography of the Kashmiri leader, Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah. Kashmir History, Politics, Representation Edited by Chitralekha Zutshi University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia 314 to 321, 3rd Floor, Plot No.3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/978110781977 © Cambridge University Press 2018 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2018 Printed in India A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Zutshi, Chitralekha, 1972‐ editor of compilation. Title: Kashmir : history, politics, representation / edited by Chitralekha Zutshi. Description: New York : Cambridge University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017035554| ISBN 9781107181977 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781108402101 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Jammu and Kashmir (India)‐‐Politics and government. | Group identity‐‐India‐‐Jammu and Kashmir. | Popular culture‐‐India‐‐Jammu and Kashmir. | Jammu and Kashmir (India)‐‐Civilization. Classification: LCC DS485.K27 K28 2017 | DDC 954/.6‐‐dc23 LC record available at https://lccn. loc.gov/2017035554 ISBN 978-1-107-18197-7 Hardback ISBN 978-1-108-40210-1 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. For The People of Kashmir – Past, Present, Future Contents Acknowledgements ix Map 1: Pre-Partition Jammu and Kashmir xi Map 2: Contemporary Kashmir xii Introduction: New Directions in the Study of Kashmir Chitralekha Zutshi 1 Part I: History 1. To ‘Tear the Mask off the Face of the Past’: Archaeology and Politics in Jammu and Kashmir Mridu Rai 25 2. Contesting Urban Space: Shrine Culture and the Discourse on Kashmiri Muslim Identities and Protest in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Chitralekha Zutshi 51 3. The Rise and Fall of New Kashmir Andrew Whitehead 70 4. Kashmiri Visions of Freedom: The Past and the Present Shahla Hussain 89 Part II: Politics 5. Azad Kashmir: Integral to India, Integrated into Pakistan, Lacking Integrity as an Autonomous Entity Christopher Snedden 113 6. ‘Not Part of Kashmir, but of the Kashmir Dispute’: The Political Predicaments of Gilgit-Baltistan Martin Sökefeld 132 7. Law, Gender and Governance in Kashmir Seema Kazi 150 8. ‘Survival Is Now Our Politics’: Kashmiri Pandit Community Identity and the Politics of Homeland Haley Duschinski 172 9. Beyond the ‘Kashmir’ Meta-Narrative: Caste, Identities and the Politics of Conflict in Jammu and Kashmir Mohita Bhatia 199 viii Contents 10. Contested Governance, Competing Nationalisms and Disenchanted Publics: Kashmir beyond Intractability? Reeta Chowdhari Tremblay 220 Part III: Representation 11. Embedded Mystics: Writing Lal Ded and Nund Rishi into the Kashmiri Landscape Dean Accardi 247 12. Producing Paradise: Kashmir’s Shawl Economy, the Quest for Authenticity and the Politics of Representation in Europe, c. 1770–1870 Vanessa Chishti 265 13. The Kashmiri as Muslim in Bollywood’s ‘New Kashmir films’ Ananya Jahanara Kabir 284 14. The Witness of Poetry: Political Feeling in Kashmiri Poems Suvir Kaul 301 Contributors 325 Index 329