Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (2 Volume Set) by Benjamin J. Sadock (Editor), Virginia A. Sadock (Editor) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers; 7th edition (January 15, 2000) Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry TABLE OF CONTENTS Tribute to Harold I. Kaplan, M.D. About the Editors Contributors Editors Preface Introduction John C. Nemiah, M.D. Drugs Used in Psychiatry Color Plates VOLUME I CHAPTER 1. NEURAL SCIENCES Section 1.1 Neural Sciences: Introduction and Overview Jack A. Grebb, M.D. Section 1.2 Functional Neuroanatomy David A. Lewis, M.D. Section 1.3 Developmental Neurobiology Kathryn J. Kotrla, M.D., Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D. Section 1.4 Monoamine Neurotransmitters Laurence H. Tecott, M.D., Ph.D. Section 1.5 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Richard P. Shank, Ph.D., Virginia L. Smith-Swintosky, Ph.D. and Roy E. Twyman, M.D. Section 1.6 Neuropeptides: Biology and Regulation Michael J. Owens, Ph.D., Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. and Garth Bissette, Ph.D. Section 1.7 Neurotrophic Factors Eric Stephen Levine, Ph.D. and Ira B. Black, M.D. Section 1.8 Intraneuronal Signaling Pathways Jay M. Baraban, M.D., Ph.D. Section 1.9 Basic Electrophysiology Charles F. Zorumski, M.D. and Keith E. Isenberg, M.D. Section 1.10 Basic Molecular Neurobiology Steven E. Hyman, M.D. and Eric J. Nestler, M.D., Ph.D. Section 1.11 Psychoneuroendocrinology Victor I. Reus, M.D. and Sydney Frederick-Osborne, Ph.D. Section 1.12 Immune System and Central Nervous System Interactions Andrew H. Miller, M.D., Bradley D. Pearce, Ph.D. and Carmine M. Pariante, M.D. Section 1.13 Chronobiology Thomas A. Wehr, M.D. Section 1.14 Applied Electrophysiology Edward L. Reilly, M.D. Section 1.15 Principles of Neuroimaging: Radiotracer Techniques Robert T. Malison, M.D. and Robert B. Innis, M.D., Ph.D. Section 1.16 Principles of Neuroimaging: Magnetic Resonance Techniques Craig N. Karson, M.D. and Perry F. Renshaw, M.D., Ph.D. Section 1.17 Population Genetic Methods in Psychiatry Steven O. Moldin, Ph.D. and Irving I. Gottesman, Ph.D., F.R.C. Psych. (Hon.) Section 1.18 Genetic Linkage Analysis of the Psychiatric Disorders Carol A. Mathews, M.D. and Nelson B. Freimer, M.D. Section 1.19 Basic Science of Sleep J. Christian Gillin, M.D., Erich Seifritz, M.D., Rebecca Zoltoski, Ph.D. and Rafael J. Salin-Pascual, M.D., Ph.D. Section 1.20 Appetite Nori Geary, Ph.D. and Gerard P. Smith, M.D. Section 1.21 Future Directions in Neuroscience and Psychiatry Solomon H. Snyder, M.D. CHAPTER 2. NEUROPSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY Section 2.1 Neuropsychiatry: Clinical Assessment and Approach to Diagnosis Tiffany W. Chow, M.D. and Jeffrey L. Cummings, M.D. Section 2.2 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Cerebrovascular Disorders Robert G. Robinson, M.D. and Sergio E. Starkstein, M.D., Ph.D. Section 2.3 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Brain Tumors Facundo F. Manes, M.D. and Robert G. Robinson, M.D. Section 2.4 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy Mario F. Mendez, M.D., Ph.D. Section 2.5 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury Ricardo E. Jorge, M.D., Jeffrey E. Max, M.B.B.Ch. and Robert G. Robinson, M.D. Section 2.6 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Movement Disorders David Gordon Daniel, M.D., Michael F. Egan, M.D. and Steven S. Wolf, M.D. Section 2.7 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders William W. Beatty, Ph.D. and Robert H. Paul, Ph.D. Section 2.8 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of HIV Infection and AIDS Igor Grant, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C)and J. Hampton Atkinson, Jr., M.D. Section 2.9 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Other Infectious Diseases Brian Anthony Fallon, M.D., M.P.H. Section 2.10 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Headache Kathleen Ries Merikangas, Ph.D. and James R. Merikangas, M.D. Section 2.11 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Neuromuscular Disease James C. Edmondson, M.D., Ph.D. Section 2.12 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Child Neurology James C. Edmondson, M.D., Ph.D. Section 2.13 Neuroimaging in Clinical Practice Joseph C. Wu, M.D., Daniel G. Amen, M.D. and H. Stefan Bracha, M.D. CHAPTER 3. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES Section 3.1 Perception and Cognition Daniel J. Siegel, M.D. Section 3.2 Extending Piagets Approach to Intellectual Functioning Stanley I. Greenspan, M.D. and John F. Curry, Ph.D. Section 3.3 Learning Theory W. Stewart Agras, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C) and G. Terence Wilson, Ph.D. Section 3.4 Biology of Memory Larry R. Squire, Ph.D. and Ken A. Paller, Ph.D. Section 3.5 Brain Models of Mind Karl H. Pribram, M.D., Ph.D. 3.6 Emotional Intelligence Daniel Goleman, PhD. CHAPTER 4. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL SCIENCES Section 4.1 Anthropology and Psychiatry Anne E. Becker, M.D., Ph.D. and Arthur Kleinman, M.D. Section 4.2 Sociology and Psychiatry Ronald C. Kessler, Ph.D. Section 4.3 Evolutionary Biology and Psychiatry Michael T. McGuire, M.D. and Alfonso Troisi, M.D. Section 4.4 Cultural Psychiatry Manuel Trujillo, M.D. CHAPTER 5. QUANTITATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN PSYCHIATRY Section 5.1 Epidemiology Darrel A. Regier, M.D., M.P.H. and Jack D. Burke, Jr., M.D., M.P.H. Section 5.2 Statistics and Experimental Design Robert M. Kaplan, Ph.D. and Igor Grant, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C) Section 5.3 Mental Health Services Research Mark Olfson, M.D., M.P.H. Section 5.4 Animal Research and Its Relevance to Psychiatry William T. McKinney, Jr., M.D. CHAPTER 6. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Section 6.1 Psychoanalysis Glen O. Gabbard, M.D. Section 6.2 Erik H. Erikson Dorian S. Newton, Ph.D. and Peter M. Newton, Ph.D. Section 6.3 Other Psychodynamic Schools Paul C. Mohl, M.D. and Myron F. Weiner, M.D. Section 6.4 Approaches Derived From Philosophy and Psychology Paul T. Costa, Jr., Ph.D. and Robert R. McCrae, Ph.D. CHAPTER 7. DIAGNOSIS AND PSYCHIATRY: EXAMINATION OF THE PSYCHIATRIC PATIENT Section 7.1 Psychiatric Interview, History, and Mental Status Examination Myrl R. S. Manley, M.D. Section 7.2 Psychiatric Report and Medical Record Benjamin J. Sadock, M.D. Section 7.3 Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry Benjamin J. Sadock, M.D. Section 7.4 Clinical Neuropsychology and Intellectual Assessment of Adults Rex M. Swanda, Ph.D., Kathleen Y. Haaland, Ph.D. and Asenath LaRue, Ph.D. Section 7.5 Personality Assessment: Adults and Children Russell L. Adams, Ph.D. and Jan L. Culbertson, Ph.D. Section 7.6 Neuropsychological and Intellectual Assessment of Children Ida Sue Baron, Ph.D. and Eileen B. Fennell, Ph.D. Section 7.7 Medical Assessment and Laboratory Testing in Psychiatry Richard B. Rosse, M.D., Lynn H. Deutsch, D.O. and Stephen I. Deutsch, M.D., Ph.D Section 7.8 Psychiatric Rating Scales Deborah Blacker, M.D., Sc.D. Section 7.9 Computer-Based Testing of the Psychiatric Patient Marvin J. Miller, M.D. CHAPTER 8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS Joel Yager, M.D. and Michael J. Gitlin, M.D. CHAPTER 9. CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS Section 9.1 Classification of Mental Disorders Michael P. Bogenschutz, M.D. and H. George Nurnberg, M.D. Section 9.2 International Psychiatric Diagnosis Juan E. Mezzich, M.D., Ph.D., Angel A. Otero-Ojeda, M.D. and Sing Lee, M.D. CHAPTER 10. DELIRIUM, DEMENTIA, AND AMNESTIC AND OTHER COGNITIVE DISORDERS Eric D. Caine, M.D. and Jeffrey M. Lyness, M.D. CHAPTER 11. SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS Section 11.1 Introduction and Overview Jerome H. Jaffe, M.D. Section 11.2 Alcohol-Related Disorders Marc A. Schuckit, M.D. Section 11.3 Amphetamine (or Amphetamine-like)-Related Disorders Jerome H. Jaffe, M.D. Section 11.4 Caffeine-Related Disorders Eric C. Strain, M.D. and Roland R. Griffiths, Ph.D. Section 11.5 Cannabis-Related Disorders Wayne Macfadden, M.D. and George E. Woody, M.D. Section 11.6 Cocaine-Related Disorders Jerome H. Jaffe, M.D. Section 11.7 Hallucinogen-Related Disorders Henry David Abraham, M.D. Section 11.8 Inhalant-Related Disorders Thomas J. Crowley, M.D. Section 11.9 Nicotine-Related Disorders John R. Hughes, M.D. Section 11.10 Opioid-Related Disorders Jerome H. Jaffe, M.D. and Ari B. Jaffe, M.D. Section 11.11 Phencyclidine (or Phencyclidine-like)-Related Disorders Stephen R. Zukin, M.D. Section 11.12 Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Abuse Domenic A. Ciraulo, M.D. and Ofra Sarid-Segal, M.D. Section 11.13 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D. and Kirk J. Brower, M.D. CHAPTER 12. SCHIZOPHRENIA Section 12.1 Schizophrenia: Introduction and Overview Robert W. Buchanan, M.D. and William T. Carpenter, Jr., M.D. Section 12.2 Schizophrenia: Epidemiology Grayson S. Norquist, M.D., M.S.P.H. and William E. Narrow, M.D., M.P.H. Section 12.3 Schizophrenia: Brain Structure and Function Raquel E. Gur, M.D., Ph.D. and Ruben C. Gur, Ph.D. Section 12.4 Schizophrenia: Neurobiology Michael F. Egan, M.D. and Thomas M. Hyde, M.D., Ph.D. Section 12.5 Schizophrenia: Genetics Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D. Section 12.6 Schizophrenia: Psychodynamic to Neurodynamic Theories Thomas H. McGlashan, M.D. and Ralph E. Hoffman, M.D. Section 12.7 Schizophrenia: Clinical Features Robert Cancro, M.D., Med.D.Sc. and Heinz E. Lehmann, M.D. Section 12.8 Schizophrenia: Somatic Treatment Stephen R. Marder, M.D. Section 12.9 Schizophrenia: Psychosocial Treatment Juan Bustillo, M.D., Samuel J. Keith, M.D. and John Lauriello, M.D. Section 12.10 Schizophrenia: Individual Psychotherapy Wayne S. Fenton, M.D. and Thomas H. McGlashan, M.D. CHAPTER 13. OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS Section 13.1 Schizoaffective Disorder, Schizophreniform Disorder, and Brief Psychotic Disorder John Lauriello, M.D., Brenda R. Erickson, M.D. and Samuel J. Keith, M.D. Section 13.2 Delusional Disorder and Shared Psychotic Disorder Theo C. Manschreck, M.D., M.P.H. Section 13.3 Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorders and Culture-Bound Syndromes Juan E. Mezzich, M.D., Ph.D., Keh-Ming Lin, M.D., M.P.H. and Charles Campbell Hughes, Ph.D. Section 13.4 Postpartum Psychiatric Syndromes Ruta Nonacs, M.D., Ph.D. and Lee S. Cohen, M.D. CHAPTER 14. MOOD DISORDERS Section 14.1 Mood Disorders: Introduction and Overview Hagop S. Akiskal, M.D. Section 14.2 Mood Disorders: Epidemiology Dan G. Blazer, II, M.D., Ph.D. Section 14.3 Mood Disorders: Genetics John R. Kelsoe, M.D. Section 14.4 Mood Disorders: Neurobiology Michael E. Thase, M.D. Section 14.5 Mood Disorders: Psychodynamic Aspects Glen O. Gabbard, M.D. Section 14.6 Mood Disorders: Clinical Features Hagop S. Akiskal, M.D. Section 14.7 Mood Disorders: Treatment of Depression A. John Rush, M.D. Section 14.8 Mood Disorders: Treatment of Bipolar Disorders Robert M. Post, M.D. Section 14.9 Mood Disorders: Psychotherapy Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, M.D. and M. Tracie Shea, Ph.D. CHAPTER 15. ANXIETY DISORDERS Section 15.1 Anxiety Disorders: Introduction and Overview Jack M. Gorman, M.D. Section 15.2 Anxiety Disorders: Epidemiology Ewald Horwath, M.D., M.Sc. and Myrna M. Weissman, Ph.D. Section 15.3 Anxiety Disorders: Biochemical Aspects Gregory M. Sullivan, M.D. and Jeremy David Coplan, M.D. Section 15.4 Anxiety Disorders: Genetics Abby J. Fyer, M.D. Section 15.5 Anxiety Disorders: Psychodynamic Aspects Glen O. Gabbard, M.D. Section 15.6 Anxiety Disorders: Clinical Features Daniel S. Pine, M.D. Section 15.7 Anxiety Disorders: Somatic Treatment Laszlo A. Papp, M.D. Section 15.8 Anxiety Disorders: Psychological Treatments Lawrence A. Welkowitz, Ph.D. CHAPTER 16. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Frederick G. Guggenheim, M.D. CHAPTER 17. FACTITIOUS DISORDERS Marc D. Feldman, M.D. and Charles V. Ford, M.D. CHAPTER 18. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Section 18.1 Dissociative Amnesia Marlene Steinberg, M.D. Section 18.2 Dissociative Fugue Philip M. Coons, M.D. Section 18.3 Dissociative Identity Disorder Frank W. Putnam, M.D. and Richard J. Loewenstein, M.D. Section 18.4 Depersonalization Disorder Marlene Steinberg, M.D. Section 18.5 Dissociative Disorders Not Otherwise Specified Daphne Simeon, M.D. and Eric Hollander, M.D. CHAPTER 19. NORMAL HUMAN SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL AND GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS Section 19.1 Normal Human Sexuality Section 19.1a Normal Human Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunctions Virginia A. Sadock, M.D. Section 19.1b Homosexuality and Homosexual Behavior Terry S. Stein, M.D. Section 19.2 Paraphilias Stephen B. Levine, M.D. Section 19.3 Gender Identity Disorders Richard Green, M.D., J.D. and Ray Blanchard, Ph.D. VOLUME II CHAPTER 20. EATING DISORDERS Katherine A. Halmi, M.D. CHAPTER 21. SLEEP DISORDERS Constance A. Moore, M.D., Robert L. Williams, M.D. and Max Hirshkowitz, Ph.D. CHAPTER 22. IMPULSE-CONTROL DISORDERS NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED Vivien K. Burt, Ph.D. and Jeffrey William Katzman, M.D. CHAPTER 23. ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS Jeffrey H. Newcorn, M.D., James J. Strain, M.D. and Juan E. Mezzich, M.D., Ph.D. CHAPTER 24. PERSONALITY DISORDERS C. Robert Cloninger, M.D. and Dragan M. Svrakic, M.D., Ph.D. CHAPTER 25. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING MEDICAL CONDITIONS Section 25.1 History, Classification, and Current Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine Alan Stoudemire, M.D. and John Stephen McDaniel, M.D. Section 25.2 Gastrointestinal Disorders William R. Yates, M.D. Section 25.3 Obesity Kelly D. Brownell, Ph.D. and Thomas A. Wadden, Ph.D. Section 25.4 Cardiovascular Disorders Peter A. Shapiro, M.D. Section 25.5 Respiratory Disorders Michael G. Moran, M.D. Section 25.6 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Victoria C. Hendrick, M.D. and Thomas R. Garrick, M.D. Section 25.7 Psychocutaneous Disorders Lesley M. Arnold, M.D. Section 25.8 Musculoskeletal Disorders Teresa A. Rummans, M.D., Kemuel L. Philbrick, M.D. and M. Kevin O’Connor, M.D. Section 25.9 Stress and Psychiatry Joel E. Dimsdale, M.D., Francis J. Keefe, Ph.D. and Murray B. Stein, M.D. Section 25.10 Behavior and Immunity John M. Petitto, M.D. and Dwight L. Evans, M.D. Section 25.11 Psycho-Oncology Marguerite S. Lederberg, M.D. and Jimmie C. Holland, M.D. Section 25.12 Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry James J. Strain, M.D. CHAPTER 26. RELATIONAL PROBLEMS Johan M. F. Verhulst, M.D. CHAPTER 27. ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS THAT MAY BE A FOCUS OF CLINICAL ATTENTION Section 27.1 Treatment Compliance Barry Blackwell, M.D., F.R.C.Psych. Section 27.2 Malingering Mark S. Lipian, M.D., Ph.D. and Mark J. Mills, J.D., M.D. Section 27.3 Adult Antisocial Behavior and Criminality Kenneth Tardiff, M.D., M.P.H. Section 27.4 Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Academic Problem James J. Mcgough, M.D. Section 27.5 Other Additional Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Leah J. Dickstein, M.D. CHAPTER 28. SPECIAL AREAS OF INTEREST Section 28.1 Primary Care and Psychiatry Mack Lipkin, Jr., M.D. Section 28.2 Psychiatry and Reproductive Medicine Sarah L. Berga, M.D. and Barbara L. Parry, M.D. Section 28.3 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Kimberly A. Yonkers, M.D. and Lori L. Davis, M.D. Section 28.4 Genetic Counseling Kate A. Berg, Ph.D. and Darrell G. Kirch, M.D. Section 28.5 Death, Dying, and Bereavement Sidney Zisook, M.D. and Nancy S. Downs, M.D. Section 28.6 Chronic Pain and the Placebo Effect James C. Edmondson, M.D., Ph.D. Section 28.7 Physical and Sexual Abuse of Adults Bessel A. van der Kolk, M.D. Section 28.8 Alternative and Complementary Health Practices Thomas J. Kiresuk, Ph.D. and Alan Trachtenberg, M.D., M.P.H. Section 28.9 Nonprofessional Therapies, Quacks and Cults Louis J. West, M.D. CHAPTER 29. PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCIES Section 29.1 Suicide Alec Roy, M.D. Section 29.2 Other Psychiatric Emergencies Beverly J. Fauman, M.D. CHAPTER 30. PSYCHOTHERAPIES Section 30.1 Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Glen O. Gabbard, M.D. Section 30.2 Behavior Therapy Rolf G. Jacob, M.D. and William H. Pelham, Ph.D. Section 30.3 Hypnosis Herbert Spiegel, M.D., Marcia Greenleaf, Ph.D. and David Spiegel, M.D. Section 30.4 Group Psychotherapy, Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy Anne Alonso, Ph.D. Section 30.5 Family Therapy and Couple Therapy Alan S. Gurman, Ph.D. and Jay L. Lebow, Ph.D. Section 30.6 Cognitive Therapy A. John Rush, M.D. and Aaron T. Beck, M.D. Section 30.7 Interpersonal Psychotherapy Myrna M. Weissman, Ph.D. and John C. Markowitz, M.D. Section 30.8 Brief Psychotherapy Robert J. Ursano, M.D. and Ann E. Norwood, M.D. Section 30.9 Eriksonian Clinical Theory and Psychiatric Treatment Edward R. Shapiro, M.D. and M. Gerard Fromm, Ph.D. Section 30.10 Other Methods of Psychotherapy Kenneth Z. Altshuler, M.D. Section 30.11 Evaluation of Psychotherapy Kenneth I. Howard, Ph.D., Ronald F. Krasner, M.D. and Stephen M. Saunders, Ph.D. Section 30.12 Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy Glen O. Gabbard, M.D. CHAPTER 31. BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES Section 31.1 General Principles of Psychopharmacology Jack A. Grebb, M.D. Section 31.2 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions Philip G. Janicak, M.D. and John M. Davis, M.D. Section 31.3 Drug Development and Approval Process in the United States Paul Leber, M.D. Section 31.4 Medication-Induced Movement Disorders Edmond Hsin-tung Pi, M.D. and George M. Simpson, M.D. Section 31.5 b-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists George M. Simpson, M.D. and Calvin J. Flowers, M.D. Section 31.6 Anticholinergics and Amantadine Jonathan M. Meyer, M.D. and George M. Simpson, M.D. Section 31.7 Anticonvulsants Section 31.7a Carbamazepine Carlos A. Zarate, Jr., M.D. and Mauricio Tohen, M.D., Dr.P.H. Section 31.7b Valproate Susan L. McElroy, M.D., Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D. and Paul E. Keck, Jr., M.D. Section 31.7c Other Anticonvulsants Norman Sussman, M.D. Section 31.8 Antihistamines Lawrence S. Gross, M.D. and George M. Simpson, M.D. Section 31.9 Barbiturates and Similarly Acting Substances Lawrence A. Labbate, M.D., George W. Arana, M.D. and James C. Ballenger, M.D. Section 31.10 Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists James C. Ballenger, M.D. Section 31.11 Bupropion Robert N. Golden, M.D. and Linda M. Nicholas, M.D. Section 31.12 Buspirone Olga Brawman-Mintzer, M.D., R. Bruce Lydiard, Ph.D., M.D., James C. Ballenger, M.D. Section 31.13 Calcium Channel Inhibitors Robert M. Post, M.D. Section 31.14 Chloral Hydrate Lawrence A. Labbate, M.D., George W. Arana, M.D. and James C. Ballenger, M.D. Section 31.15 Cholinesterase Inhibitors Steven C. Samuels, M.D. and Kenneth L. Davis, M.D. Section 31.16 Clonidine Norman Sussman, M.D. Section 31.17 Dopamine Receptor Antagonist (Typical Antipsychotics) Stephen R. Marder, M.D. and Daniel P. van Kammen, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.18 Lithium James W. Jefferson, M.D. and John H. Greist, M.D. Section 31.19 Mirtazapine James L. Claghorn, M.D. Section 31.20 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Sidney H. Kennedy, M.D., Kevin F. McKenna, M.D., Ph.D. and Glen B. Baker, Ph.D. Section 31.21 Naltrexone Stephanie S. O’Malley, Ph.D., Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin, Ph.D. and Bruce J. Rounsaville, M.D. Section 31.22 Nefazodone Steven J. Garlow, M.D., Ph.D., Michael J. Owens, Ph.D. and Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.23 Opioid Agonists Richard S. Schottenfeld, M.D. and Herbert D. Kleber, M.D. Section 31.24 Selective Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors Linda Beauclair, M.D., Denisa Radoi-Andraous, M.D. and Guy Chouinard, M.D., M.Sc. Section 31.25 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Section 31.25a Introduction and Overview Jeffrey E. Kelsey, M.D., Ph.D. and Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.25b Citalopram Jeffrey E. Kelsey, M.D., Ph.D. and Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.25c Fluoxetine Jeffrey E. Kelsey, M.D., Ph.D. and Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.25d Fluvoxamine Jeffrey E. Kelsey, M.D., Ph.D. and Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.25e Paroxetine Jeffrey E. Kelsey, M.D., Ph.D. and Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.25f Sertraline Jeffrey E. Kelsey, M.D., Ph.D. and Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.26 Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists Daniel P. van Kammen, M.D., Ph.D. and Stephen R. Marder, M.D. Section 31.27 Sympathomimetics Jan Fawcett, M.D. Section 31.28 Thyroid Hormones Russell T. Joffe, M.D. Section 31.29 Trazodone Steven J. Garlow, M.D., Ph.D. and Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. Section 31.30 Tricyclics and Tetracyclics J. Craig Nelson, M.D. Section 31.31 Electroconvulsive Therapy Keith E. Isenberg, M.D. and Charles F. Zorumski, M.D. Section 31.32 Neurosurgical Treatments Scott L. Rauch, M.D. and G. Rees Cosgrove, M.D., F.R.C.S.(C) Section 31.33 Other Pharmacological and Biological Therapies Charles DeBattista, M.D., D.M.H. and Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D. CHAPTER 32. CHILD PSYCHIATRY Section 32.1 Introduction and Overview Caroly S. Pataki, M.D. Section 32.2 Normal Child Development Maureen Fulchiero Gordon, M.D. Section 32.3 Normal Adolescence Nancy S. Cotton, Ph.D. CHAPTER 33. PSYCHIATRIC EXAMINATION OF THE INFANT, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT Robert A. King, M.D., Mary E. Schwab-Stone, M.D., Bradley S. Peterson, M.D. and Armin Paul Thies, Ph.D. CHAPTER 34. MENTAL RETARDATION Bryan H. King, M.D., Robert M. Hodapp, Ph.D. and Elisabeth M. Dykens, Ph.D. CHAPTER 35. LEARNING DISORDERS Section 35.1 Reading Disorders Michael E. Spagna, Ph.D., Dennis P. Cantwell, M.D. and Lorian Baker, Ph.D. Section 35.2 Mathematics Disorder Michael E. Spagna, Ph.D., Dennis P. Cantwell, M.D. and Lorian Baker, Ph.D. Section 35.3 Disorder of Written Expression and Learning Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Michael E. Spagna, Ph.D., Dennis P. Cantwell, M.D. and Lorian Baker, Ph.D. CHAPTER 36. MOTOR SKILLS DISORDER: DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER Michael E. Spagna, Ph.D., Dennis P. Cantwell, M.D. and Lorian Baker, Ph.D. CHAPTER 37. COMMUNICATION DISORDERS Section 37.1 Expressive Language Disorder Carla J. Johnson, Ph.D. and Joseph H. Beitchman, M.D. Section 37.2 Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder Carla J. Johnson, Ph.D. and Joseph H. Beitchman, M.D. Section 37.3 Phonological Disorder Carla J. Johnson, Ph.D. and Joseph H. Beitchman, M.D. Section 37.4 Stuttering Robert Kroll, Ph.D. and Joseph H. Beitchman, M.D. Section 37.5 Communication Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Rebecca F. Detweiler, Ph.D. and Joseph H. Beitchman, M.D. CHAPTER 38. PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS Fred R. Volkmar, M.D. and Ami Klin, Ph.D. CHAPTER 39. ATTENTION-DEFICIT DISORDERS Section 39.1 Attention-Deficit Disorders James T. McCracken, M.D. Section 39.2 Adult Manifestations of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Paul H. Wender, M.D. CHAPTER 40. DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS Hans Steiner, M.D. CHAPTER 41. FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD Irene Chatoor, M.D. CHAPTER 42. TIC DISORDERS James T. McCracken, M.D. CHAPTER 43. ELIMINATION DISORDERS Edwin J. Mikkelsen, M.D. CHAPTER 44. OTHER DISORDERS OF INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND ADOLESCENCE Section 44.1 Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy and Early Childhood Neil W. Boris, M.D. and Charles H. Zeanah, M.D. Section 44.2 Stereotypic Movement Disorder of Infancy and Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood Not Otherwise Specified Joan L. Luby, M.D. CHAPTER 45. MOOD DISORDERS AND SUICIDE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Caroly S. Pataki, M.D. CHAPTER 46. ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Section 46.1 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children John Piacentini, Ph.D. and R. Lindsey Bergman, Ph.D. Section 46.2 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents Lisa Amaya-Jackson, M.D. Section 46.3 Separation Anxiety Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders Carrie Sylvester, M.D., M.P.H. Section 46.4 Selective Mutism Henrietta L. Leonard, M.D. CHAPTER 47. EARLY-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA Jon M. McClellan, M.D. CHAPTER 48. CHILD PSYCHIATRY: PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT Section 48.1 Individual Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Owen Lewis, M.D. Section 48.2 Short-Term Psychotherapy Euthymia D. Hibbs, Ph.D. Section 48.3 Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy John S. March, M.D., M.P.H. Section 48.4 Group Psychotherapy Alberto C. Serrano, M.D. Section 48.5 Family Therapy Allan M. Josephson, M.D. Section 48.6 Pediatric Psychopharmacology Barbara J. Coffey, M.D. Section 48.7 Partial Hospital and Ambulatory Behavioral Health Services Laurel J. Kiser, Ph.D., M.B.A., Jerry D. Heston, M.D. and David B. Pruitt, M.D. Section 48.8 Residential and Inpatient Treatment Mark DeAntonio, M.D. Section 48.9 Community-Based Treatment Andres J. Pumariega, M.D. Section 48.10 Psychiatric Treatment of Adolescents Cynthia R. Pfeffer, M.D. CHAPTER 49. CHILD PSYCHIATRY: SPECIAL AREAS OF INTEREST Section 49.1 Psychiatric Aspects of Day Care Klaus Minde, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C) Section 49.2 Adoption Steven L. Nickman, M.D. Section 49.3 Foster Care Marilyn B. Benoit, M.D. Section 49.4 Child Maltreatment William Bernet, M.D. Section 49.5 Childrens Reaction to Illness and Hospitalization Martin J. Drell, M.D. and Tonya Jo Hanson White, M.D. Section 49.6 Psychiatric Sequelae of HIV and AIDS Jennifer F. Havens, M.D., Sheila Ryan, C.S.W. and Claude Mellins, Ph.D. Section 49.7 Childhood or Adolescent Antisocial Behavior Hans Steiner, M.D. and S. Shirley Feldman, Ph.D. Section 49.8 Dissociative Disorders in Children and Adolescents Nancy L. Hornstein, M.D. Section 49.9 Gender Identity and Sexual Issues Alayne Yates, M.D. Section 49.10 Identity Problem and Borderline Disorders Victor M. Fornari, M.D. and David Pelcovitz, Ph.D. Section 49.11 Adolescent Substance Abuse Oscar G. Bukstein, M.D., M.P.H. Section 49.12 Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Stephen P. Herman, M.D. Section 49.13 Ethical Issues in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Diane H. Schetky, M.D. Section 49.14 School Consultation Richard E. Mattison, M.D. Section 49.15 Psychiatric Prevention in Children and Adolescents Norbert B. Enzer, M.D. and Stephanie L. Heard, M.D. CHAPTER 50. ADULTHOOD Calvin A. Colarusso, M.D. CHAPTER 51. GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY Section 51.1 Overview Section 51.1a Geriatric Psychiatry: Introduction Lissy F. Jarvik, M.D., Ph.D. and Gary W. Small, M.D. Section 51.1b Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disorders