KANT’SCRITIQUEOFPUREREASON Studies in German Idealism SeriesEditor: ReinierMunk,VUUniversity,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands AdvisoryEditorialBoard: FrederickBeiser,SyracuseUniversity,U.S.A. DanielDahlstrom,BostonUniversity,U.S.A. GeorgediGiovanni,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada PaulGuyer,UniversityofPennsylvania,U.S.A. DetlevPätzold,UniversityofGroningen,TheNetherlands AndreaPoma,UniversityofTorino,Italy VOLUME 10 Forothertitlespublishedinthisseries,gotowww.springer.com/series/6545 KANT’S CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON THE FOUNDATION OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY by OTFRIEDHÖFFE 123 Prof.Dr.OtfriedHöffe UniversitätTübingen LSfürPhilosophie Bursagasse1 72070Tübingen Germany [email protected] ISSN1571-4764 ISBN978-90-481-2721-4 e-ISBN978-90-481-2722-1 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-2722-1 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009927001 (cid:2)C SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorother- wise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsupplied specificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusive usebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) TABLEOFCONTENTS 1 FOURREASONSFORENGAGINGWITHKANT’SFIRST CRITIQUE 1 1.1 TheHistoricalSignificanceofKant’sPhilosophy 1 1.2 AnAlternativeFormofFundamentalPhilosophy 4 1.3 EpistemicCosmopolitanism 6 1.4 PracticalPhilosophyintheAgeof(Natural)Science 10 PARTI THEFULLCRITICALPROGRAMME 2 INNOVATIONANDTRADITION 19 2.1 KnowledgeintheServiceofMorality 19 2.2 TheAporeticQuestforKnowledge 23 2.3 JudicialCritique 27 2.4 APhilosophyofExperience 32 2.5 AndtheAlternativeofNaturalism? 34 3 OBJECTIVITYTHROUGHSUBJECTIVITY 37 3.1 PhilosophyasScience 37 3.2 TheEpistemicRevolution 41 3.3 TheRealmofAppearanceistheOnlyTruth 48 4 APHILOSOPHICALTHEORYOFSCIENCE 51 4.1 TheDecisiveQuestion 51 4.2 ThinkinginContinuitywiththeSciences 54 4.3 This-WordlyTranscendence 56 4.4 ThreeObjectionstoKant 61 v vi TABLEOFCONTENTS 5 FIRSTASSESSMENT:KANT’SPROGRAMME 69 5.1 Is Philosophy Possible without an Antecedent CritiqueofLanguage? 69 5.2 CosmopolitanInterests 72 5.3 AnEpistemicTightrope 76 PARTII ONLYHUMANBEINGSPURSUEMATHEMATICS 6 APHILOSOPHYOFINTUITION 83 6.1 ContestingthePrejudiceAgainstSensibility 83 6.2 SpaceandTimeasSuch 90 6.3 TwoPriorities 93 6.4 ASensibilityIndependentofExperience 95 7 ATRANSCENDENTALGEOMETRY 103 7.1 Mathematics,MetamathematicsandMetaphysics 103 7.2 DoesMathematicsInvolvetheSyntheticaPriori? 105 7.3 TheIndeterminacyofTranscendentalSpace 110 8 SECONDASSESSMENT:SENSIBILITYANDWORLD 115 8.1 AnIdealismBeyondtheAlternativetoRealism 115 8.2 OnlyHumanBeingsPursueMathematics 119 8.3 WalkingaPerilousTightrope 121 PARTIII ATRANSCENDENTALGRAMMAR 9 CATEGORIES 127 9.1 ANewKindofLogic 127 9.2 PureConcepts 131 9.3 TheTableofJudgements 134 9.4 TheTableofCategories 141 10 THEPROBLEMOFJUSTIFICATION 147 10.1 TheAimoftheArgument 148 TABLEOFCONTENTS vii 10.2 TranscendentalSelf-Consciousness 154 10.3 Excursus:KantandDescartes 159 10.4 KeepingtotheLimitsofExperience 163 11 THEINCOMPLETEDEDUCTION 169 11.1 AThirdFaculty? 169 11.2 TheSubsidiaryFacultyofJudgement 173 11.3 TranscendentalSchemata 175 12 THIRD ASSESSMENT: UNDERSTANDING AND WORLD(1) 179 12.1 FundamentalConcepts 179 12.2 ThreeApproachestoTruth 180 12.3 ACritiqueofNaturalism 188 PARTIV TRANSCENDENTALLAWSOFNATURE 13 MATHEMATISATION 195 13.1 TranscendentalGroundingPrinciples 195 13.2 Intuition 197 13.3 Perception 202 14 PHYSICALISATION 207 14.1 Substance:Permanence 210 14.2 Causality 213 14.3 EmpiricalThought 221 15 FOURTH ASSESSMENT: UNDERSTANDING AND WORLD(2) 223 15.1 ContraScepticismconcerningtheExternalWorld 223 15.2 ThingsinThemselves 226 15.3 NoSciencewithoutMathematics 231 15.4 Probability–AnAlternativetoCausality? 235 viii TABLEOFCONTENTS PARTV APOST-METAPHYSICALMETAPHYSICS 16 CONSTRUCTIVEDECONSTRUCTION 245 16.1 ARe-evaluationofDialectic 246 16.2 ThreeFallacies 248 16.3 TheTruthintheIllusion 252 17 ACRITICALPHILOSOPHYOFMIND 255 17.1 TranscendentalPsychology 255 17.2 TheIllusionsofReification 258 17.3 TheDualismofBodyandSoul 266 17.4 SomeAlternativePositions 271 18 COSMOLOGICALCONTRADICTIONS 279 18.1 ConstructiveScepticism 279 18.2 TheTranscendentalKey 284 18.3 OntheBeginningandtheDivisibilityoftheWorld 288 18.4 CosmologicalorPracticalFreedom? 293 19 TRANSCENDENTALTHEOLOGY 301 19.1 AComplexParadigmChange 301 19.2 ANewConceptofGod 304 19.3 DismantlingtheProofsoftheExistenceofGod 307 19.4 A Rehabilitation of the Ontological Argument (Plantinga)? 312 20 FIFTHASSESSMENT:REASONANDWORLD 317 20.1 ThreePrinciplesofEnquiry 318 20.2 ASurprisingCompletionoftheCriticalEnterprise 322 20.3 MetaphysicsorPositivism? 328 TABLEOFCONTENTS ix PARTVI EPISTEMICUNIVERSALISM 21 FROMTHEORETICALTOPRACTICALREASON 337 21.1 APrincipleofRightinPlaceofMathematics 338 21.2 Morality 345 21.3 RationalHope 351 22 SYSTEMANDHISTORY 359 22.1 TheArchitectonic 360 22.2 CosmicalConceptsandScholasticConcepts 368 22.3 APhilosophicalArchaeology 371 23 THEKANTIANMETAPHORS 381 23.1 SeparatingtheMaterials 385 23.2 InnerStructure 386 23.3 TheDeceptiveAppearanceofFurtherShores 388 23.4 BuildingsinRuins 389 23.5 SoaringinEmptySpace 392 23.6 FromCivilConflicttoDueProcess 392 24 CONCLUSIONANDPROSPECT 397 24.1 Re-TranscendentalisingPhilosophy 397 24.2 SubversiveAffirmation 401 24.3 Trans-Subjectivity 406 24.4 AnEpistemicandMoralWorldRepublic 412 BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 INDEX 441