JUSTIFICATION NOMOS XXVIII NOMOS Lieber-Atherton, Publishers I Authority 1958, reissued in 1982 by Greenwood Press II Community 1959 III Responsibility 1960 IV Liberty 1962 V The Public Interest 1962 VI Justice 1963,reissuedin 1974 VII Rational Decision 1964 VIII Revolution 1966 IX Equality 1967 X Representation 19 68 XI Voluntary Associations 1969 XII Political and Legal Obligation 1970 XIII Privacy 1971 XIV Coercion 1972 XV The Limits of Law 1974 XV I Participation in Politics 1975 New York University Press XVII Human Nature in Politics 1977 XVIII Due Process 1977 XIX Anarchism 1978 xx Constitutionalism 1979 XXI Compromise in Ethics, Law, and Politics 1979 XXII Property 1980 XXIII Human Rights 1981 XXIV Ethics, Economics, and the Law 1982 XXV Liberal Democracy 1983 XXVI Marxism 1983 XXVII Criminal Justice 19 85 XXVIII Justification 1985 XXIX Authority Revisited (in preparation) NOMOS XXVIII Yearbook of the Amencan Society for Political and Legal Philosophy JUSTIFICATION Edited by J. Roland Pennock, Swarthmore College and John W. Chapman, University of Pittsburgh New York and London: New York University Press· 1986 Justification: Nomos XXVIII edited by J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman Copyright© 1986 by New York University Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Justification. (NOMOS; 28) Includes index. 1. Political ethics-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Justification (Theory of knowledge)-Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Law-Philosophy-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Pennock, J. Roland (James Roland), 1906- II. Chapman, John William, 1923- lll. Series: Nomos; 28. JA79.J87 1985 172 85-13811 ISBN 0-8147-6595-5 Clothbound editions of New York University Press books are Smyth-sewn and printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. CONTENTS Contributors IX Preface XI PART I: JUSTIFICATION IN ETHICS 1 justification in Ethics 3 KURT BAIER 2 Justification in Ethics: Its Limitations 28 FELIX E. OPPENHEIM 3 Risk-of-Error Rules and Non-Ideal Justification 33 MARGARET JANE RADIN 4 Mid-Level Principles and justification 49 MICHAEL D. BAYLES PART II: JUSTIFICATION IN LAW 5 justification (and Justifiability) of Law in a Contradictory World 71 FRANK I. MICHELMAN 6 Liberalism and the Objective Point of View: A Comment on Fishkin 100 CHRISTOPHER H. SCHROEDER 7 A Note on Discovery and justification in Science and Law 124 MARTIN P. GOLDING 8 Rationality and Constraints on Democratic Rule 141 JEFFRIE G. MURPHY 9 The Rule of Rights or the Right to Rule? 165 AMY GUTMANN Vll Vlll CONTENTS IO Law, Rights, Community, and the Structure of Liberal Legal justification 178 JEFFREY H. REIMAN PART III: JUSTIFICATION IN POLITICS 11 Liberal Theory and the Problem of justification 207 JAMES S. FISHKIN 12 Is There a Problem of justification? A Reply to Fishkin 232 BARBARA BAUM LEVENBOOK 13 Subjective Value and Justificatory Political Theory 241 GERALD F. GAUS 14 Politics and the Pursuit of Autonomy 270 RICHARD DAGGER 15 Justification in Politics 291 J. ROLAND PENNOCK 16 The Ends of Ethics-The Begi,nnings of Politics 307 J. PATRICK DOBEL 17 justification, Practical Reason, and Political Theory 336 THOMAS A. SPRAGENS, JR. Index 359 CONTRIBUTORS KURT BAIER Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh MICHAEL D. BAYLES Philosophy, University of Florida RICHARD DAGGER Political Science, Arizona State University J. PATRICK DOBEL Public Affairs, University of iyashington JAMES S. FISHKIN Government and Philosophy, University of Texas at Austin GERALD F. GAUS Philosophy, The Australian National University MARTIN P. GOLDING Philosophy and Law, Duke University AMY GUTMANN Politics, Princeton University BARBARA BAUM LEVENBOOK Philosophy, North Carolina State University FRANK I. MICHELMAN Law, Harvard University JEFFRIE G. MURPHY Philosophy, Arizona State University FELIX E. OPPENHEIM Political Science, University of Massachusetts at Amherst J. ROLAND PENNOCK Political Science, Swarthmore College MARGARET JANE RADIN Law, University of Southern California JEFFREY H. REIMAN Philosophy and justice, American University lX X CONTRIBUTORS CHRISTOPHER H. SCHROEDER Law, Duke University THOMAS A. SPRAGENS, JR. Political Science, Duke University