Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads This page intentionally left blank Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges EDITED BY SOHAIL H. HASHMI 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Just wars, holy wars, and jihads : Christian, Jewish, and Muslim encounters and exchanges / edited by Sohail H. Hashmi. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-19-975503-5 (paperback) — ISBN 978-0-19-975504-2 (hardcover) 1. War—Religious aspects. 2. Just war doctrine. 3. Jihad. 4. War—Religious aspects—Christianity. 5. War—Religious aspects—Judaism. 6. War—Religious aspects—Islam. I. Hashmi, Sohail H., 1962– BL65.W2J87 2012 201(cid:99) .7273—dc23 2012003852 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To the memory of Omar Khalidi (1953–2010) This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi Contributors x iii Introduction 3 sohail h. hashmi and james turner johnson PART ONE T HE EARLY ISLAMIC CONQUESTS 1. Religious Services for Byzantine Soldiers and the Possibility of Martyrdom, c. 400–c. 1000 25 paul stephenson 2. In Defense of All Houses of Worship? Jihad in the Context of Interfaith Relations 47 asma afsaruddin 3. God’s War and His Warriors: Th e First Hundred Years of Syriac Accounts of the Islamic Conquests 69 michael philip penn PART TWO THE CRUSADES 4. Imagining the Enemy: Southern Italian Perceptions of Islam at the Time of the First Crusade 91 joshua c. birk viii Contents 5. Ibn ‘Asakir and the Intensifi cation and Reorientation of Sunni Jihad Ideology in Crusader-Era Syria 107 suleiman a. mourad and james e. lindsay 6. Angles of Infl uence: Jihad and Just War in Early Modern Spain 125 g. scott davis 7. Religious War in the Works of Maimonides: An Idea and Its Transit across the Medieval Mediterranean 146 george r. wilkes PART THREE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES, CHRISTIAN AND MUSLIM 8. Martyrdom and Modernity: Th e Discourse of Holy War in the Works of John Foxe and Francis Bacon 167 brinda charry 9. Ottoman Conceptions of War and Peace in the Classical Period 190 a. nuri yurdusev 10. Islam and Christianity in the Works of Gentili, Grotius, and Pufendorf 207 john kelsay PART FOUR E UROPEAN IMPERIALISM 11. Just War and Jihad in the French Conquest of Algeria 221 benjamin claude brower 12. Jihad, Hijra , and Hajj in West Africa 246 david robinson 13. Jihads and Crusades in Sudan from 1881 to the Present 263 heather j. sharkey 14. Th e Trained Triumphant Soldiers of the Prophet Muhammad: Holy War and Holy Peace in Modern Ottoman History 283 mustafa aksakal Contents ix 15. Muslim Debates on Jihad in British India: Th e Writings of Chiragh ‘Ali and Abu al-A‘la Mawdudi 305 omar khalidi PART FIVE I NTERNATIONAL LAW AND OUTLAWS 16. Jihad and the Geneva Conventions: Th e Impact of International Law on Islamic Th eory 325 sohail h. hashmi 17. Th e Jewish Law of War: Th e Turn to International Law and Ethics 342 suzanne last stone 18. Fighting to Create the Just State: Apocalypticism in Radical Muslim Discourse 364 david cook 19. How Has the Global Salafi Terrorist Movement Aff ected Western Just War Th inking? 383 martin l. cook Conclusion : A Look Back and a Look Forward 402 james turner johnson Index 4 17