JUNE 2007 VERSION 1.0_ AN ALTERNATIVE FOREIGN POLICY FRAMEWORK S e c u By Foreign Policy In Focus, a project of the Institute for Policy Studies r i t y J u s t Principal Author: John Feffer, Foreign Policy In Focus, Institute for Policy Studies Contributors: Sarah Anderson: director of the Global Economy project, Institute for Policy Studies Phyllis Bennis: director of the New Internationalism project, Institute for Policy Studies Robin Broad: professor of international development, American University John Cavanagh: director, Institute for Policy Studies Steve Cobble: associate fellow, Institute for Policy Studies Anita Dancs: research director, National Priorities Project John Gershman: director of international programs, New York University’s Wagner School Erik Leaver: policy outreach director, Foreign Policy In Focus, Institute for Policy Studies Kevin Martin: executive director, Peace Action Nadia Martinez: co-director of Sustainable Energy and Economy Network, Institute for Policy Studies Miriam Pemberton: peace and security editor, Foreign Policy In Focus, Institute for Policy Studies Marcus Raskin: co-founder and distinguished fellow, Institute for Policy Studies Emira Woods: co-director of Foreign Policy In Focus, Institute for Policy Studies Daphne Wysham: co-director of Sustainable Energy and Economy Network, Institute for Policy Studies Foreign Policy In Focus [www.fpif.org] is a “Think Tank Without Walls” connecting the research and action of more than 600 scholars, advocates and activists seeking to make the United States a more responsible global partner. It is a project of the Institute for Policy Studies. Institute for Policy Studies [www.ips-dc.org] strengthens social movements with independent research, visionary thinking, and links to the grassroots, scholars and elected offcials. Since 1963 it has empowered people to build healthy and democratic societies in communities, the U.S., and the world. This report was produced with generous support from the Arca, Atlantic, Colombe, Ford, Rubin & Town Creek foundations. AN ALTERNATIVE FOREIGN POLICY FRAMEWORK S e c u r i t y J u s t Table of Contents I. Executive Summary..................................................................................................................... 5 II. Misconceptions and Recommendations..................................................................................... 7 III. Introduction.(John.Feffer,.Steve.Cobble)........................................................................................... 11 . . A.Just.World............................................................................................................................ 12 . . A.Just.Alternative.................................................................................................................... 12 IV. Just Climate Policy.(John.Cavanagh,.John.Feffer,.Daphne.Wysham)....................................................... 15 . . Core.Misconceptions............................................................................................................... 15 . . A.Just.Security.Policy............................................................................................................... 18 . . Box.1:.CO2.Total.Emissions.by.Country................................................................................ 19 V. Just Nuclear Disarmament.(John.Feffer,.Marcus.Raskin,.Kevin.Martin)................................................ 23 . . Core.Misconceptions............................................................................................................... 23 . . Box.2:.Nuclear.Club.Members................................................................................................ 24 . . Box.3:.Countries.which.have.Given.Up.Nuclear.Weapons.Programs....................................... 26 . . Box.4:.Countries.that.May.Join.the.Nuclear.Club................................................................... 27 . . A.Just.Security.Policy............................................................................................................... 28 VI. Just Livelihoods.(Sarah.Anderson,.John.Cavanagh,.Robin.Broad)............................................................ 31 . . Core.Misconceptions............................................................................................................... 31 . . Box.5:.People.Living.on.Less.than.$2.a.Day............................................................................ 32 . . A.Just.Security.Alternative....................................................................................................... 36 VII. Just Peace.(Phyllis.Bennis,.Emira.Woods,.John.Feffer)............................................................................ 41 . . Core.Misconceptions............................................................................................................... 41 . . Box.6:.Leaving.Iraq:.A.How-To............................................................................................... 42 . . Box.7:.Iraq.Cost.of.War........................................................................................................... 43 . . Box.8:.Home.in.Latin.America................................................................................................ 46 . . A.Just.Security.Alternative....................................................................................................... 48 VIII. Just Counter-terrorism.(John.Feffer,.John.Gershman)...................................................................... 51 . . Core.Misconceptions............................................................................................................... 52 . . A.Just.Security.Policy............................................................................................................... 54 IX. Just Security Budget.(John.Cavanagh,.Anita.Dancs,.Miriam.Pemberton)................................................. 57 . . Proposed.Cuts......................................................................................................................... 57 . . Box.9:.Proposed.Cuts.to.the.2008.Defense.and.Military.Assistance.Budget............................. 58 . . Box.10:.Proposed.Security.Additions.to.the.2008.Budget........................................................ 59 . . Preventive.Measures................................................................................................................ 61 . . Homeland.Security.Measures.................................................................................................. 62 X. Conclusion.(John.Feffer,.Miriam.Pemberton,.Erik.Leaver)...................................................................... 63 . . Paths.Not.Taken...................................................................................................................... 63 . . Where.Do.We.Go.Next?......................................................................................................... 64 . . An.Integrated.Just.Security.Alternative.................................................................................... 65 . . Money.and.Jobs...................................................................................................................... 67 . . What.About.China?................................................................................................................ 68 . . The.Political.Will.................................................................................................................... 68 Executive Summary urrent. U.S.. foreign. policy. is. unjust. and. breeds. in- Our.Just.Security.program.calls.for: security. for. all.. In. seeking. an. alternative,. we. should. not. revive. the. failed.policies.of. the.past.. Instead,.we. ■ A.reduction.of.$213.billion.in.U.S..military.spend- Cshould. chart. a.new. relationship.between. the.United. ing,.or.one-third.of.the.total.“defense”.budget. States.and.the.world.. ■ Dramatic.cuts. in.U.S..and.Russian.nuclear.arse- Our.common.future.faces.daunting.challenges..War,.pov- nals.as.a.frst.step.toward.nuclear.disarmament. erty,.terrorism,.loose.nukes,.and.climate.change.make.us.all. feel.less.secure.than.a.decade.ago..The.Bush.administration’s. ■ An.international.process.under.the.auspices.of.the. foreign.policy.has.brought.U.S..popularity. in. the.world. to. UN. to. secure. a. viable. peace. between. Israel. and. new.lows..At.home,.it.has.generated.widespread.dissatisfac- Palestine. tion.across.the.political.spectrum.. ■ A. global. carbon. fee. to. reduce. greenhouse. gas. Such. widespread. public. dissatisfaction. offers. an. op- emissions. and. generate. funds. to. help. countries. portunity. to. transform. the. national. conversation. from. the. transition.to.sustainable.sources.of.energy. framework.of.fear.that.has.prevailed.since.9/11.to.a.broader. response. to. global. ills. and. injustices.. The. growing. public. ■ A.large-scale,.global.plan.to.train.four.million.new. awareness.of.the.climate.crisis,.the.need.to.address.the.Middle. health.workers. East. in.a.comprehensive.manner,. the.wasteful.extravagance. of.military.spending,.the.continued.threat.of.nuclear.prolif- What. distinguishes. this. report. from. many. alternative. eration. and.nuclear. use,. and. the. corrosive. effects. of. global. foreign.policy.proposals.is.an.integrated.approach.that.avoids. inequality.have.revealed.the.inadequacies.not.only.of.current. the.twin.perils.of.hard.power.and.global.disengagement..We. U.S.. foreign. policy. but. the. Democratic. Party’s. 2006. “real. propose.seven.principles.to.guide.U.S..engagement.with.the. security”.doctrine.as.well. international.community.. With.its.emphasis.on.fghting.wars,.the.Bush.administra- Te United States must advance rather than undermine tion.has.insisted.on.focusing.just.on.security..We must focus international mechanisms and institutions.. We. should. instead on a just security, because there can be no real move. from. a. unipolar. system. presided. over. by. the. United. security without justice. The.United.States.should.act.as.a. States.to.a.secure,.multipolar.system.that.is.held.in.place.by.a. global.partner.not.a.global.boss..We.must.restore.principles.of. latticework.of.international.institutions.and.laws.. fairness.and.equity.into.our.international.conduct. We must support the rule of law, not the rule of the This.alternative.foreign.policy.framework.tells.fve.differ- jungle.. The. United. States. should. spend. less. time. talking. ent.stories.about.our.common.future.and.the.fve.principal. about. the. rule.of. law.and.more. time.practicing. the. rule.of. challenges. we. face:. climate. change,. global. poverty,. nuclear. law—by. upholding. international. agreements. such. as. the. weapons,. terrorism,. and. military. confict.. We. address. fve. Geneva. Conventions,. ratifying. the. core. labor. standards. of. different.sets.of.core.misconceptions.and.offer.fve.intercon- the. International. Labor. Organization,. and. supporting. new. nected.prescriptions. for.change..We.then.offer.a. Just.Secu- international.institutions.such.as.the.International.Criminal. rity. budget. that. would. cut. roughly. $213. billion. from. the. Court.. president’s.current.defense.budget.request.and.yet.make.the. United.States.safer.and.more.secure...The.concluding.chapter. We must lead by example, not by force..The. United. puts.the.challenges.facing.the.United.States.in.a.larger.histori- States.is.No..1.in.several.dubious.categories—most.powerful. cal.context.and.offers.an.integrated.Just.Security.program.. nuclear.arsenal,.largest.greenhouse.gas.emitter,.leading.arms. exporter—so.if.we.want.to.change.the.world.we.have.to.start. by.changing.ourselves. 5 Just Security: An Alternative Foreign Policy Framework Global problems call for global solutions, but one size does not ft all..The.world.is.a.varied.place.and.what.works. in.one.place. for.one.problem.may.not.work.the.same.else- where. We should support just policies abroad because they also encourage just policies at home..Global.inequality,.un- regulated.arms.sales,.and.weakened.international.agreements. and.institutions.are.not.just.foreign.policy.issues..They.have. tremendous.impact.on.the.U.S..economy.and.the.security.of. the.population.. We need more public involvement in global afairs not less. We.can’t.leave.it.to.the.experts.to.solve.the.world’s.prob- lems.because,.in.many.cases,.the.experts.got.us.into.the.jam. in.the.frst.place..As.those.who.live.in.this.country,.we.must. use.democratic.means.to.close.the.gap.between.what.the.polls. say.and.what.our.leaders.are.doing. Security is not just about the military..When.we.speak. of.security,.we.are.talking.about.freedom.from.military.con- ficts.and. terrorist.attacks..But.we.also.believe. that. security. involves.access.to.suffcient.food.and.shelter,.good.health.care. and. good. jobs,. a. clean. environment. and. well-functioning,. accountable.political.structures. The.civil.rights.movement,.the.women’s.movement,.and. the.peace.movement.have.all.transformed.U.S..society..As.a. result,.we.have.become. a.more. just. society,. a.more.diverse. culture,. a. more. international. country.. It. is. time. to. change. our.foreign.policy.so.that.it.looks.more.like.America.and.also. refects.American.traditions.of.justice.. Many.of.the.ideas.and.proposals.in.this.report.have.broad. support.among.the.American.public..Majorities.of.Americans. believe.that.no.nations.should.possess.nuclear.weapons,.reject. the. notion. that. military. force. should. be. used. to. promote. democracy,. and. want. immediate. steps. taken. to. halt. global. warming..What.was.once.considered.radical.has.now.gained. some.political. support. in.Washington..Several. architects.of. the.Cold.War.are.now.calling.for.nuclear.disarmament..The. climate.change.skeptics.are.rapidly.turning.Green..Prominent. politicians.no.longer.believe.in.a.“global.war.on.terrorism.” We.need.leaders.and.social.movements.that.can.translate. this.broad.American.appeal. and. this.growing.political. sup- port. into.an. integrated.program.for.American.renewal..We. believe.that.this.program.must.be.founded.on.the.principles. of.just.security.laid.out.in.this.report..Only.a.just.security.will. make.us.all.feel.more.secure. 6 misconceptions and recommendations ith. its. emphasis. on. military. solutions,. the. Bush. 3..Governments.and.inter-governmental.bodies.will.use. administration.has.insisted.that.we.focus.just.on.se- regulation,. carrots,. and. sticks. to. shift. from.supporting. curity..We.must.focus.instead.on.a.just.security,.be- “dirty”.energy.to.a.transition.to.“clean”.energy.and.en- Wcause.there.can.be.no.real.security.without.justice. ergy.effciency. 4..Carbon.taxes.can.be.invested.in.a.“Climate.and.En- JuST ClimaTE PoliCy ergy.Security.Fund”.that.will.support.a.rapidly.expand- ing.Green.sector.of.the.economy.to.produce.new.jobs.at. home.and.abroad.. Misconceptions 1.. Climate. change. can. be. fxed. with. only. minor. JuST NuClEar DiSarmamENT tinkering. 2..Technologies.such.as.biofuels.and.tactics.such.as.car- Misconceptions bon.trading.can.solve.the.crisis.under.the.leadership.of. experts,.dynamic.corporations,.and.the.World.Bank. 1..The.United.States.is.committed.to.reducing.nuclear. weapons. 3.. India. and. China. are. the. key. problem. nations. on. climate.change.. 2.. It. is. technically. impossible. and. politically. risky. to. eliminate.nuclear.weapons. 4..U.S..citizens.won’t.give.up.unsustainable,.unhealthy. lifestyles. in. order. to. solve. the. problem. of. global. 3..Rogue.states.are.the.greatest.proliferation.threat. warming. Reality Reality There. is. overwhelming. public. support. and. key. elite. Global. warming. is. a. clear. and. present. danger. that. re- backing. for. nuclear. disarmament.. Moreover,. disarma- quires. a. profound. reordering. of. priorities.. If. we. act. ment.is.technically.feasible..The.chief.obstacles.are.not. quickly,.and.with.industrialized.countries.bearing.their. rogue.states.but.the.largest.nuclear.powers. fair.share.of.the.costs,.we.can.use.existing.technologies.to. reduce.the.emissions.that.cause.climate.change.. Just secuRity alteRnative Just secuRity alteRnative 1..Cancel.U.S..plans.to.upgrade.its.nuclear.arsenal.and. resume. negotiations. with. Moscow. over. further. reduc- 1..Give.the.poor.control.of.their.land,.marine,.and.forest. tions.in.strategic.arsenals. resources. 2..Expand.existing.arms.control.mechanisms.such.as.test. 2..Start.a.managed.resource.transfer. from.rich.to.poor. bans.and.nuclear-free.zones. countries.through.climate-friendly.global.justice,.trade,. and. aid. policies..This. would. involve. a. border. fee. on. 3..Strengthen. international. institutions. that. can. create. “dirty.trade”.that.would.help.developing.countries.shift. the.groundwork.for.disarmament. to.clean.energy. 7 Just Security: An Alternative Foreign Policy Framework JuST livElihooDS 3..Shift.foreign.aid.for.health.from.fghting.specifc.dis- eases.to.a.far.more.comprehensive.approach.emphasizing. preventive.care,.health.infrastructure,.and.a.large-scale,. Misconceptions global.plan.to.train.four.million.new.health.workers. 1..Current. free. trade.and.free.market.policies.help. the. 4..Make.debt,.trade,.fnance,.and.health.reforms.part.of. poor. a.broad.agenda.to.address.the.root.causes.of.immigration. and. strengthen.developing. country. economies. in.ways. 2..Free.trade.policies.promote.democracy. that.will.beneft.both.their.people.and.the.people.of.the. United.States.. 3..The.private.sector.always.does.it.better. 4..More.aid.is.the.panacea.for.poverty. JuST CouNTErTErroriSm 5..If.we.simply.spend.money.on.medicine.to.treat.dis- ease,.we.will.improve.global.health Misconceptions 6..Immigration.concerns.can.be.addressed.through.do- .1..Terrorism.is.the.major.threat.to.U.S..and.global.in- mestic.policies.rather.than.by.tackling.root.causes. terests. 2..A.“war”.on.terrorism.is.the.only.solution. Reality 3..Terrorists.are.attacking.“our”.way.of.life. As.barriers.to.trade.have.fallen.in.the.last.two.decades,. the. rich.have. gotten. richer. and. the.poor.poorer..Free- trade. policies. have. pushed. people. off. their. land. and. Reality across. borders.. Privatization. has. helped. to. widen. the. global. divide. further..Traditional. development. aid. has. Although.a.serious.problem,.terrorism.is.not.the.great- not. been. effective. in. combating. global. inequality,. nor. est.threat.to.either.U.S..citizens.or.other.people.around. has. simply. increasing. spending.on.medicine. improved. the.globe..Treating.terrorism.with.military.means.plays. global.health.. into.the.hands.of.al-Qaeda,.which.is.an.organization.of. international.criminals.and.not.warriors.. Just secuRity alteRnative Just secuRity alteRnative 1..Overhaul.trade.and.investment.policies.to.set.a.foor. for.basic.labor.and.environmental.standards,.while.also. 1..Improve.homeland.security.to.protect.the.infrastruc- giving. governments. suffcient. policy. space. to. pursue. ture.and.livelihoods.of.the.U.S..population. their.own.national.economic.strategies. 2..Strengthen. international. legal. systems. to. apprehend. 2..Expand.debt.cancellation.deals.to.more.impoverished. and.prosecute.terrorists countries,. without. onerous. policy. conditions..Further. debt. cancellation. will. allow. governments. to. increase. 3..Promote.democracy.and.human.rights.to.address.the. spending.on.basic.services.and.fghting.poverty.and.alle- oppressive.political.systems.that.give.rise.to.terrorism. viate.the.pressure.to.attract.foreign.investment.and.boost. exports.by.any.means.necessary. 4..Address.the.socio-economic.roots.of.terrorism.by.de- voting.resources.to.narrowing.the.gap.between.the.global. haves.and.have-nots. 8