CONTENTS i SIXTEENTH EDITION Junqueira’s Basic Histology T E X T A N D AT L A S Anthony L. Mescher, PhD Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Bloomington, Indiana New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto 00_Mescher_FM_pi-x.indd 1 19/03/21 2:24 PM Copyright © 2021 by McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-26-046297-5 MHID: 1-26-046297-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-046298-2, MHID: 1-26-046298-6. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Contents PREFACE VII | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IX 1 Histology & Its Methods 5 Connective Tissue 96 of Study 1 Cells of Connective Tissue 96 Fibers 103 Preparation of Tissues for Study 1 Ground Substance 111 Light Microscopy 4 Types of Connective Tissue 114 Electron Microscopy 8 Summary of Key Points 119 Autoradiography 9 Assess Your Knowledge 120 Cell & Tissue Culture 10 Enzyme Histochemistry 10 6 Adipose Tissue 122 Visualizing Specific Molecules 10 Interpretation of Structures in Tissue White Adipose Tissue 122 Sections 14 Brown Adipose Tissue 126 Summary of Key Points 15 Summary of Key Points 127 Assess Your Knowledge 16 Assess Your Knowledge 128 2 The Cytoplasm 17 7 Cartilage 129 Cell Differentiation 17 Hyaline Cartilage 129 The Plasma Membrane 17 Elastic Cartilage 133 Cytoplasmic Organelles 27 Fibrocartilage 134 The Cytoskeleton 42 Cartilage Formation, Growth, & Repair 134 Inclusions 48 Summary of Key Points 136 Summary of Key Points 51 Assess Your Knowledge 136 Assess Your Knowledge 52 8 Bone 138 3 The Nucleus 53 Bone Cells 138 Components of the Nucleus 53 Bone Matrix 143 The Cell Cycle 58 Periosteum & Endosteum 143 Mitosis 61 Types of Bone 143 Stem Cells & Tissue Renewal 65 Osteogenesis 148 Meiosis 65 Bone Remodeling & Repair 152 Apoptosis 67 Metabolic Role of Bone 153 Summary of Key Points 69 Joints 155 Assess Your Knowledge 70 Summary of Key Points 158 Assess Your Knowledge 159 4 Epithelial Tissue 71 9 Nerve Tissue & the Nervous Characteristic Features of Epithelial Cells 72 Specializations of the Apical Cell Surface 77 System 161 Types of Epithelia 80 Development of Nerve Tissue 161 Transport Across Epithelia 88 Neurons 163 Renewal of Epithelial Cells 88 Glial Cells & Neuronal Activity 168 Summary of Key Points 90 Central Nervous System 175 Assess Your Knowledge 93 Peripheral Nervous System 182 iiiiii 00_Mescher_FM_pi-x.indd 3 19/03/21 2:24 PM iv CONTENTS Neural Plasticity & Regeneration 187 15 Digestive Tract 295 Summary of Key Points 190 General Structure of the Digestive Tract 295 Assess Your Knowledge 191 Oral Cavity 298 Esophagus 305 10 Muscle Tissue 193 Stomach 307 Skeletal Muscle 193 Small Intestine 314 Cardiac Muscle 206 Large Intestine 318 Smooth Muscle 208 Summary of Key Points 326 Regeneration of Muscle Tissue 213 Assess Your Knowledge 327 Summary of Key Points 213 Assess Your Knowledge 214 16 Organs Associated with the Digestive Tract 329 11 The Circulatory System 215 Salivary Glands 329 Heart 215 Pancreas 332 Tissues of the Vascular Wall 219 Liver 335 Vasculature 220 Biliary Tract & Gallbladder 345 Lymphatic Vascular System 232 Summary of Key Points 346 Summary of Key Points 235 Assess Your Knowledge 348 Assess Your Knowledge 235 17 The Respiratory System 349 12 Blood 237 Nasal Cavities 349 Composition of Plasma 237 Pharynx 351 Blood Cells 239 Larynx 352 Summary of Key Points 252 Trachea 354 Assess Your Knowledge 253 Bronchial Tree & Lung 354 Lung Vasculature & Nerves 367 13 Hemopoiesis 254 Pleural Membranes 368 Stem Cells, Growth Factors, & Differentiation 254 Respiratory Movements 369 Bone Marrow 255 Summary of Key Points 369 Maturation of Erythrocytes 258 Assess Your Knowledge 370 Maturation of Granulocytes 260 Maturation of Agranulocytes 263 18 Skin 371 Origin of Platelets 263 Epidermis 372 Summary of Key Points 265 Dermis 380 Assess Your Knowledge 265 Subcutaneous Tissue 381 Sensory Receptors 382 14 The Immune System & Lymphoid Hair 383 Organs 267 Nails 384 Innate & Adaptive Immunity 267 Skin Glands 385 Cytokines 269 Skin Repair 388 Antigens & Antibodies 269 Summary of Key Points 391 Antigen Presentation 271 Assess Your Knowledge 392 Cells of Adaptive Immunity 273 Thymus 276 19 The Urinary System 393 Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 281 Kidneys 393 Lymph Nodes 282 Blood Circulation 394 Spleen 286 Renal Function: Filtration, Secretion, & Summary of Key Points 293 Reabsorption 395 Assess Your Knowledge 294 Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra 406 00_Mescher_FM_pi-x.indd 4 19/03/21 2:24 PM CONTENTS v Summary of Key Points 410 22 The Female Reproductive System 460 Assess Your Knowledge 411 Ovaries 460 Uterine Tubes 470 20 Endocrine Glands 413 Major Events of Fertilization 471 Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 413 Uterus 471 Adrenal Glands 423 Embryonic Implantation, Decidua, & The Placenta 478 Pancreatic Islets 427 Cervix 482 Diffuse Neuroendocrine Vagina 483 System 429 External Genitalia 483 Thyroid Gland 430 Mammary Glands 483 Parathyroid Glands 432 Summary of Key Points 488 Pineal Gland 435 Assess Your Knowledge 489 Summary of Key Points 437 Assess Your Knowledge 437 23 The Eye & Ear: Special Sense Organs 490 21 The Male Reproductive Eyes: The Photoreceptor System 490 System 439 Ears: The Vestibuloauditory System 509 Testes 439 Summary of Key Points 522 Intratesticular Ducts 449 Assess Your Knowledge 522 Excretory Genital Ducts 449 Accessory Glands 451 APPENDIX 525 Penis 456 Summary of Key Points 457 FIGURE CREDITS 527 Assess Your Knowledge 459 INDEX 529 00_Mescher_FM_pi-x.indd 5 19/03/21 2:24 PM vi CONTENTS 00_Mescher_FM_pi-x.indd 6 19/03/21 2:24 PM Preface Publication of the 16th English edition of Basic Histology marks updated as needed. Inserted throughout each chapter are more the 50th anniversary of the book’s creation by L. C. Junqueira, numerous, short paragraphs indicating how the information M.D. and colleagues. That edition, the first histology textbook presented can be applied clinically and emphasizing the published in soft cover, was compact, concise, highly readable, foundational relevance of the material learned. yet authoritative and quickly set the standard by which The art and other figures are presented in each chapter, subsequent textbooks in the area of histology and cell biology with the goal to simplify learning and integration with related would be judged. After Dr. Junqueira’s death I accepted the material. Used throughout the text the McGraw Hill biomedical McGraw Hill editors’ challenge to maintain this high standard illustrations are arguably the most useful, thorough, and with the English edition and strove to improve all aspects attractive of any similar medical textbook. Every human tissue of the book’s utility for the modern student in the health and cell is shown with electron and light micrographs which professions while maintaining its compact size and ease of comprise a complete atlas of cell, tissue, and organ structures use. Based on its position as a perennial best-seller among fully compatible with the students’ own collection of glass or Histology textbooks on Amazon and its selection as a Core digital light microscope slides. Title in the Health Sciences by Doody’s Book Review Service, The digital version of Junqueira’s Basic Histology: Text and Junqueira’s Basic Histology clearly continues as the preeminent Atlas includes significant changes with this edition. The digital source of concise yet thorough information on human tissue version is available at no charge to health science students structure and function. For five decades this educational whose medical library offers McGraw Hill’s AccessMedicine resource has met the needs of learners for a well-organized among its electronic resources, which includes the library and summarizing presentation of cell biology and histology resources of more than 95% of medical schools in North that integrates the material with that of biochemistry, America. Each chapter of this new SIXTEENTH edition immunology, endocrinology, and physiology and provides now incorporates a detailed Lab Guide for that material, an excellent foundation for subsequent studies in pathology. including (1) the learning objectives for that laboratory The text is prepared specifically for students of medicine session, (2) a list of important structures to identify and and other health-related professions, as well as for advanced terms to use and understand, (3) detailed microscopic undergraduate courses in human tissue biology. Because of its directions for studying each tissue and locating those value and appeal to students and instructors alike, Junqueira’s structures, and (4)  self-assessment questions with each Basic Histology: Text and Atlas has been translated into more session. These laboratory exercises link the photographic than a dozen languages and is used in medical schools material in the Junqueira textbook and correlate with slides throughout the world. in any virtual or glass slide collection, making this digital Lab Unlike any other histology texts and atlases, each chapter Guide a unique instrument among the learning resources of of this edition again includes a set of multiple-choice Self-Test any other histology text and atlas. No other major textbook Questions, which allow readers to assess their comprehension of tissue biology includes such detailed guidance for learners and knowledge of important points in the subject. A few through the microscopic or laboratory portion of the typical questions in each set utilize clinical vignettes for framing the medical school coverage of histology. As of this writing in medical relevance and applications of basic science concepts, mid-2020, the previous FIFTEENTH edition of Junqueira as recommended by the United States National Board of on AccessMedicine continues to include these features of the Medical Examiners, in addition to the questions assessing digital Lab Guide, along with links to an excellent collection of learners’ understanding of basic concepts. Each chapter also scannable and focusable virtual light microscope slides. includes a Summary of Key Points to guide students for Students who cannot link to AccessMedicine will lack this review of the most clearly important information. Summary digital Lab Guide but may still utilize the collection of over 150 Tables in each chapter organize and condense important virtual light microscope slides of human tissues and organs information, facilitating efficient learning. Modern page at: http://medsci.indiana.edu/junqueira/virtual/junqueira. design and graphics further simplify study of this material. htm. This set of virtual slides is presently available without Each chapter has been revised and shortened where restrictions for use with any instructor’s guide for human feasible, while coverage of specific topics has been expanded and histology lab exercises. vviiii 00_Mescher_FM_pi-x.indd 7 19/03/21 2:24 PM viii PREFACE As with other recent editions of Junqueira, both print For additional review of what’s been learned or to and digital versions of this edition facilitate learning by their assist rapid assimilation of the material in Junqueira’s Basic overall organization: Histology, McGraw Hill has published a set of 200 full-color Basic Histology Flash Cards, which I’ve also authored. Each ■ An opening chapter reviews the histological card includes images of key structures to identify, a summary techniques which allow understanding of cell and of important facts about those structures, and a clinical tissue structure. comment. This valuable learning aid is available as a set of ■ Two chapters then summarize the structural and actual cards from Amazon.com, or as an app for smartphones functional organization of human cell biology, or tablets from the online App Store. presenting the cytoplasm and nucleus separately. With its proven strengths, excellent up-to-date pedagogical ■ The next seven chapters cover the four basic tissues that features, and links with the new digital Lab Guide, I am make up our organs: epithelia, connective tissue (and its confident that Junqueira’s Basic Histology will continue as one of major sub-types), nervous tissue, and muscle. the most valuable and most widely read educational resources ■ Remaining chapters explain the organization and in histology. As always, users are invited to provide me with functional significance of these tissues in each of feedback about any aspect of the book’s content or features. the body’s organ systems, closing with up-to-date consideration of cells in the unique organs of special Anthony L. Mescher sense, the eye and ear. Indiana University School of Medicine—Bloomington 00_Mescher_FM_pi-x.indd 8 19/03/21 2:24 PM Acknowledgments I wish to thank the students at Indiana University School Anatomy, Histology, & Cell Biology: PreTest Self-Assessment of Medicine and the undergraduates at Indiana University & Review, by Robert Klein and George Enders. The use Bloomington with whom I studied histology and cell biology here of questions from these valuable resources is gratefully for over 38 years and from whom I have learned much about acknowledged. Students are referred to those review books for presenting basic concepts most effectively. Their input has hundreds of additional self-assessment questions. greatly helped in the task of maintaining and updating the I am also grateful to colleagues and reviewers throughout presentations in this classic textbook. The help of Sue Childress the world who provided specialized expertise or original and Dr. Mark Braun was invaluable in slide preparation photographs, as also acknowledged further in these figures’ and creation of the virtual microscope for human histology captions. I thank those professors and students in the respectively. United States and countries throughout the world who provided As with the last edition, the present text includes useful suggestions that have improved the new edition of multiple-choice questions at the end of each chapter, aimed Junqueira’s Basic Histology. Finally, I am pleased to acknowledge to test the learner’s retention and understanding of important the help and collegiality provided by the staff of McGraw Hill, points in that body of material. Many of these questions were especially editor Michael Weitz, whose work made possible used in my courses, but others are taken or modified from a publication of this 16th edition of Junqueira’s Basic Histology: few of the many excellent review books published by McGraw Text and Atlas. Hill/Lange for students preparing to take the United States Medical Licensing Examination. These include Histology Anthony L. Mescher and Cell Biology: Examination and Board Review, by Douglas Indiana University School of Medicine—Bloomington Paulsen; USMLE Road Map: Histology, by Harold Sheedlo; and iixx 00_Mescher_FM_pi-x.indd 9 19/03/21 2:24 PM