Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES This newsletter is part of Inter Press Service (IPS) and Soka Gakkai Intermational (SGI) project. It includes independent news and analyses as well as columns by experts, news from international NGOs and a review of the global media for a glimpse of what is hap‐ pening on the ground. Newspaper articles reproduced in this newsletter are for personal use and aim at giving information to readers. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is forbidden. In‐Depth Reports Nuke Proliferation in East Asia Affects International Security The 10th anniversary of the adoption of the UN Security Council Resolution 1540 on April 28, 2014 can be especially propitious for standing back from the perennial present of international security issues and evaluating longer‐term trends. The threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles is one of the main security challenges of the 21st century. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War led to a gradual reduction both in the security framework and in the perception of security. In order to ad‐ dress this challenge and develop appropriate solutions, accurate risk factors analysis is re‐ quired, as well as the ability to generate a multi‐dimensional response: promoting the de‐ velopment of a comprehensive non‐proliferation regime while also trying to explore how nu‐clear energy can safely be harnessed for sustainable economic development. The impli‐ cations of nuclear prolifera‐tion for international relations are difficult to predict but pro‐ found.  Pages 2‐3‐4 What Others Say U.S. Demand for Deep Centrifuge Cut is a Diplomatic Ploy With only a few weeks remaining before the Jul. 20 deadline, the Barack Obama administration issued a warning to Iran that it must accept deep cuts in the number of its centrifuges in order to demonstrate that its nuclear programme is only for peaceful purposes. U.S. officials have argued that such cuts are necessary to increase the “breakout” time – the time it would take Iran to enrich enough uranium to weapons grade level to build a single bomb – from what is said to be two to three months at present to as long as a year or even more.  Pages 5‐6 Enhancing Nuclear Transparency In 1944, famous Danish physicist Niels Bohr sent a letter to US President Franklin D Roosevelt, warning him about the urgent need to control fissile materials by reaching an un‐derstanding at the international level. A year later, in July 1945, the US carried out the first‐ever nuclear test, ushering the world into the nuclear age. After the Soviet Union con‐ducted nuclear tests in 1949, Bohr sent another letter to the United Nations, emphasising the need to bring greater nu‐clear transparency as a means to build mutual trust among nuclear powers.  Pages 7‐8 It’s Time to Ratify the Nuclear Test‐Ban Treaty The Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty (CTBT) outlaws the testing of nuclear weapons. So far, 183 countries signed the treaty, but it cannot become a binding international law until it has been ratified by all states capable of developing nu‐clear weapons, of which there are 44 specified in the treaty.  Pages 8‐9 India‐US: Nuclear Ayatollahs and the Politics of Non‐proliferation In a completely partisan and somewhat condescending editorial in early‐July 2014, The New York Times wrote: “If India wants to be part of the nuclear suppliers group, it needs to sign the treaty that prohibits nuclear testing, stop producing fissile material, and begin talks with its rivals on nuclear weapons containment.”  Page 10 Civil Society Perspective Doom From the Depths Ever since the horrors of submarine warfare became a key issue during World War I, submarines have had a sinister reputation. And the building of new, immensely costly, nuclear‐armed submarines by the US government and others may soon raise the level of earlier anxiety to a nuclear nightmare.  Pages 11‐12 Page 1 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES In‐Depth Reports Nuke Proliferation in East Asia Affects International Security By VALENTINA GASBARRI* ROME (IDN) ‐ The 10th anniversary of the adoption of the UN Security Council Resolution 1540 on April 28, 2014 can be especially propitious for standing back from the perennial present of international security issues and evaluating longer‐ term trends. The threat posed by the spread of nu‐ the two countries still remain unmoved clear weapons and ballistic missiles is by international condemnation and one of the main security challenges of pressure. In their power perception, na‐ the 21st century. The fall of the Berlin tional security and international pres‐ Wall and the end of the Cold War led to tige derive from nuclear weapons and a gradual reduction both in the security this view seems more compelling than framework and in the perception of se‐ the penalties and sanctions resulting curity. from multilateral diplomacy (Res 1718, 1874, 2087, 2096 and 1965). Indeed, a In order to address this challenge and comprehensive approach to non‐prolif‐ develop appropriate solutions, accurate eration seeks to dissuade leaders from risk factors analysis is required, as well pursuing nuclear weapons capabilities as the ability to generate a multi‐dimen‐ as a source of national prestige and se‐ sional response: promoting the develop‐ curity defence strategies. ment of a comprehensive non‐prolifera‐ tion regime while also trying to explore The current North Korean nuclear crisis how nuclear energy can safely be har‐ cannot be fully understood without a nessed for sustainable economic devel‐ reference to both the historical nuclear opment. The implications of nuclear ambitions of North Korea and its eco‐ proliferation for international relations are difficult to pre‐ nomic plight. Indeed, the DPRK remains isolated, econom‐ dict but profound. ically under a near collapse, facing a devastating humani‐ tarian crisis. Its decision to withdraw from the nuclear Non First, the spread of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles Proliferation Treaty in 2003 and to restart graphite mod‐ has had a deep impact on the bipolar system, freezing the erated reactor and nuclear ballistic tests have sparked in‐ most dangerous regional conflicts. This is the argument ternational concern over nuclear proliferation and re‐ developed by “the school of realists”, in particular Kenneth gional concern about the imminent crisis. Waltz, who believe that "more may be better" in the basic rationale of State actors. These concerns are heightened by the DPRK ballistic mis‐ sile programme and the potential proliferation of both nu‐ Second, proliferation may affect the way wars may be con‐ clear and ballistic missile knowledge and components. Ac‐ ducted. Indeed, during the Cold War the competition be‐ cording to the US intelligence estimates, the DPRK already tween the two superpowers was merely the "continuation has one or two nuclear devices and the ballistic missile de‐ of politics with other means", because a real war was velopment programme includes the NODONG and TAEPO avoided given the high destructiveness of the new technol‐ DONG series of mis‐siles. ogies. There is also a widespread fear that these weapons may fall under the control of terrorists or other no‐State The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) notes two actors who would be immune from threats of retaliation. distinct phases in the development of the DPRK's nuclear programme: a first stage started with an agreement with Atomic ambitions the then Soviet Union for the cooperation in nuclear re‐ search in 1956 and a second phase with the construction International efforts to stem the spread of nuclear weap‐ of a natural uranium reactor at the Yongbyon complex in ons typically focus on the atomic ambitions of the Demo‐ 1986.  cratic Republic of Korea (DPRK) and Iran. The leaders of *Valentina Gasbarri is a Junior Expert of the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR). She has a strong background in East‐Asia geo‐strategic relations, development issues and global security studies. Photo: 5 MWe experimental reactor at Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center | Credit: Wikipedia Page 2 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES In‐Depth Reports In spite of international condemnation and the UN Secu‐ bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the 1954 Daigo rity Council Resolutions, North Korea continues to launch Fujuryu‐maru incident. short and long‐range rockets. The last launch was on July 2, 2014, defying UN ban on the country testing such weap‐ In order to protect the territories and lives of respective ons. The launch came days before Chinese President Xi citizens from threats of North Korean attacks, the US, Ja‐ Jinping's scheduled state visit to South Korea. pan and South Korea have deployed ballistic missile de‐ fence. During 2009 and 2012 North Korean long‐range Nuclear multilateral negotiations missile tests, the US and allied forces reportedly made ready and available a number of ballistic missile defence The efforts to prevent North Korea's pursuit of nuclear systems, in addition to the intelligence gathering capabili‐ weapons are among all the longest running and least suc‐ ties sent into the region. In response to the exacerbated cessful ones in international security of the past quarter tensions in April 2013, the US deployed a ballistic defence century. Despite the very remote prospect for solving the system in Guam. crisis through multilateral dialogue, the crisis has had the interesting effect of bringing together all regional coun‐ Even the reliability of the US‐Japan alliance, the North Ko‐ tries in the Six‐Party talks, in collaborative efforts towards rea nuclear threat, the regional background of a rapidly a common regional security. growing China in the process of military modernization and the global challenge to the nuclear non‐proliferation Some promising breakthroughs occurred in 2005 and in regime created the context to reconsider Japanese security 2008, with North Korea's commitment to abandon its nu‐ policy. An important step has been the revision of the in‐ clear programme in exchange for development aid. Disa‐ terpretation of the post‐war peaceful Constitution on July greements over the verification protocol stalled the pro‐ 1. cess: North Korea was still in the US terrorism list and mul‐ tilateral negotiations have not been held since 2008. Adopted in a cabinet resolution, the government decision to approve “collective defence” under certain circum‐ Two recent developments in particular have diminished stances represents an historic move to revise the country's political support for accommodation and engagement: post‐war defence policy. North Korean participation in the construction of a nuclear reactor in Syria, destroyed in an Israeli attack in 2007 and Once related laws are passed at the Diet, it will widen Jap‐ the continuation of the North Korean nuclear tests. anese military defence options by ending the ban on exer‐ cising "collective self‐defence" under certain circum‐ Nuclear Security Summit held in The Hague on March 24‐ stances such as when "clear danger" exists to the lives of 25, 2014, the P5 Meeting and the conclusions of the G7 Japanese citizens and foreign military personnel of coun‐ highlighted that North Korea nuclear problem is a multi‐ tries "with close ties" to Japan who are engaged in protect‐ faceted problem with not just global implications for the ing Japanese citizens and even in such a case military in‐ non‐proliferation regime and global war on terrorism, but tervention by Japan’s self‐defence force should be limited also regional and local implications for the security of to the minimum amount necessary. Northern East Asia and the Korean Peninsula. The need for a global zero tolerance to the development of nuclear pro‐ Reinterpreting the constitution will give Japan a more ac‐ grammes as well as the need to create a binding legislation tive role in coming to the aid of an ally, in particular the US to face the current threats, has also been stressed. military personnel when they are defending Japanese ter‐ ritory and people, and also the justification for reconsider‐ However, despite the common goal of the main actors in‐ ing the rationale behind the alliance as a further conse‐ volved, namely Japan, China, South Korea and USA, each quence. country has different priorities in exactly how to resolve the crisis that in turn could prove divisive depending on Another element which can impact Japan's approach to se‐ how the crisis continues to unfold. curity and to the North Korea nuclear menace is the recent decision of lifting part of the unilateral sanctions imposed Japan's security challenges and opportunities along with the UN Security Council Resolutions in the wake of nuclear tests carried out by DPRK (North Korea). Japan's protection under the US nuclear umbrella, as the This renewed approach of Japan to the nuclear crisis came main off shore security provider in the region, has virtually after the meeting between the two countries in Beijing and eliminated any need for it to develop nuclear weapons on it contains the obligation for North Korea to faithfully re‐ its own over the past half‐century. Indeed, Japan's non‐nu‐ investigate the abducted victims of Japanese citizens by clear posture is often perceived to be rooted in strong na‐ DPRK agents during the 1970s and the 1980s.  tional consensus based on emotional reactions to the 1945 Page 3 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES In‐Depth Reports Alignment despite antagonism China's role as host of the Six Party Talks and as North Ko‐ rea's chief benefactor, confirms the critical importance of The role Beijing chooses to play in the light of Pyongyang's its role in the US policy towards North Korea. In addition, accelerated nuclear activities and provocative rhetoric has China's permanent seat on the Security Council ensures its highlighted the emergence of China as a geopolitical con‐ influence on any UN action directed at North Korea. In ad‐ flict mediator. In fact, beyond the North Korea crisis, the dition to being North Korea's largest trading partner by future configuration of the Korean Peninsula will be a ma‐ far, China also provides considerable emergency and hu‐ jor determinant of the geo‐strategic balance in East Asia. manitarian assistance in particular in food and energy aid as essential lifeline for the regime if Pyongyang. It is clear The course of China will be determined primarily by the that Beijing cannot control Pyongyang's behaviour, partic‐ sustainability of its economic prosperity, the adaptability ularly in the cases of provocative nuclear tests and missiles of its political system to economic and social pressures, launches, but even temporary cessation of economic and and the management of relations with the United States. energy a id is significant for North Korea. The United States and China share a common set of over‐ arching goals with regard to the Korean Peninsula: both Beijing also fears the destabilizing effects of a humanitar‐ wish to see a stable and non‐nuclear North Korea. Consid‐ ian crisis, significant refugee flows over its borders and of ering how to achieve those aims, however, and under what a consideration on how other nations, particularly the terms exposes divergent priorities and strategic prefer‐ USA, would assert themselves on the peninsula in the ences between Washington and Beijing. event of a power vacuum.  [IDN‐InDepthNews – July 15, 2014] http://www.nuclearabolition.info/documents/Japanese/Japanese_Nuke_Proliferation_in_East_Asia_Affects_Internation al_Security.pdf Page 4 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES What Others Say U.S. Demand for Deep Centrifuge Cut is a Diplomatic Ploy By GARETH PORTER* WASHINGTON (IPS) ‐ With only a few weeks remaining before the Jul. 20 deadline, the Barack Obama administration issued a warning to Iran that it must accept deep cuts in the number of its centrifuges in order to demonstrate that its nuclear programme is only for peaceful purposes. U.S. officials have argued that such cuts are reduced to zero, the breakout time would necessary to increase the “breakout” time – increase to close to a year, according to one the time it would take Iran to enrich enough of the graphs accompanying the article. uranium to weapons grade level to build a single bomb – from what is said to be two to Experts from the Department of Energy as three months at present to as long as a year well as from the intelligence community or even more. certainly briefed policy‐makers on the fact that lengthening the breakout timeline to Tehran has made it clear that it will not accept such a between six and 12 months could be achieved through demand. Dismantling the vast majority of the centrifuges reducing either centrifuges or the stockpile of low that Iran had installed is a highly symbolic issue, and the enriched uranium (LEU), according to Steve Fetter, who political cost of acceptance would be extremely high. was assistant director at large for the White House Office of Science and Technology from 2009‐12. But a closer examination of the issues under negotiation suggests that the ostensible pressure on Iran is part of a Eliminating the existing LEU stockpile and avoiding any strategy aimed at extracting concessions from Iran on the further accumulation is the intent of an Iranian proposal issue of its longer‐term enrichment capability. formally handed over to EU Foreign Policy Chief Catherine Ashton by Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad The Obama administration has been aware from the Zarif in Istanbul last month. Under that proposal, which beginning of the talks that the “breakout” period could be Zarif revealed in an interview with IPS in Tehran Jun. 3, lengthened to nearly a year without requiring the removal Iran would convert all UF6 to Uranium oxide powder of most of the 10,000 centrifuges that have been used over (U02) and then convert the U02 to fuel plates for Bushehr. the past two and a half years. Iran has expressed the desire to fabricate fuel plates for U.S. officials were well aware that reducing the amount of Bushehr itself, but has not yet mastered the technology. low enriched uranium and oxide powder now stockpiled The proposal would therefore involve shipping either UF6 by Iran to close to zero and avoiding any future enriched to 3.5 percent or the U02 to Russia for conversion accumulation would have the same effect – and that Iran into fuel plates until the expiration of the contract with was willing to accept such restrictions. Russia for fuel fabrication for Bushehr expires in 2021. David Albright of the Institute for Science and In the interim agreement, Iran committed to begin International Security and Olli Heinonen, the former converting UF6 enriched to 3.5 percent to oxide powder as International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) deputy soon as its line for such conversion became operational. director general for Safeguards, warned in a Jun. 3 article The Enriched U02 Powder Plant began operating in May, against a deal that would allow Iran to have more than but the time required to reduce the existing stockpile to 4,000 centrifuges in return for reducing its stocks of UF6 zero will depend on the capacity of the plant, which has not and oxide powder (UO2). been announced. But they acknowledged that, if the Iranian LEU stockpile Zarif told IPS he had unveiled the basic idea underlying the were reduced from the present level of 8,475 kg to 1,000 Iranian proposal in his PowerPoint presentation to kilogrammes, the breakout time for 10,000 IR‐1 European officials in Geneva in mid‐October.  centrifuges would be six months. And if the stockpile were *Gareth Porter is an independent investigative journalist and winner of the 2012 Gellhorn Prize for journalism. He is the author of the newly published Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare. Picture: P5+1 foreign ministers after negotiations about Iran's nuclear capabilities concluded on Nov. 24, 2013 in Geneva. Credit: U.S. Dept of State/CC by 2.0 Page 5 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES What Others Say When Secretary of State John Kerry But those demands appear to be a declared in April that he would negotiating ploy in which the U.S. demand a major increase in the would give up the demand for deep existing “breakout” period to short‐term reductions centrifuges in somewhere between to six and 12 the coming years in return for Iranian months, therefore, he had good reason concessions on the level of enrichment to believe that Washington could capability to be allowed in the later achieve that objective without cutting stage of the agreement. Iran’s centrifuges to a few thousand. The November 2013 Joint Plan of An agreement to freeze the existing Action provided that the future level of 10,000 operating centrifuges enrichment programme would while reducing the LEU stockpile to depend on Iran’s “practical needs”. zero could place the 9,000 centrifuges Iran interprets that term to include the that have never been operated in need to be self‐reliant in providing storage under IAEA seal. Those used reactor fuel for Bushehr, whereas the centrifuges include 1,000 advanced IR‐ Obama administration argues that 2 centrifuges that are estimated to be Iran can and should rely on Russia or three to five times more efficient than other foreign suppliers. the IR‐1 model. Given the past record of political interference in fuel Iran’s policy of introducing thousands of centrifuges into agreements Iran had negotiated with French and German the Natanz and Fordow enrichment facilities that were firms in the 1980s and with Russia in 2005, however, never used was aimed at accumulating negotiating chips Washington knows it faces a tough sell trying to get Iran to for eventual negotiations on its nuclear programme. accept the U.S. insistence on reliance on foreign suppliers. In late August 2012, a senior U.S. official told the New York The “practical need” criterion suggests that Iran would Times that Iran was being “very strategic” by “creating have to provide concrete evidence of its need and ability tremendous [enrichment] capacity,” but “not using it.” In to provide the fuel rods for the Bushehr reactor when the doing so, the official said, Iran was acquiring “leverage” – current contract with Russia expires in 2021. obviously referring to future negotiations. Postponing the negotiations over that issue until a date During the round of negotiations in Vienna in June, much closer to 2021 would offer a period of a few years to however, the draft tabled by the P5+1 apparently called negotiate an agreement on a regional fuel consortium for for cuts going well beyond what U.S. officials knew would the Middle East that would be acceptable to both sides, as be acceptable to Iran. U.S. officials told the New York Times has been proposed by a group of Princeton University that the objective was now to lengthen the “breakout scientists and scholars. period” to more than a year – thus going beyond what Kerry had suggested in April. Perhaps even more important, such a postponement would allow for increasing trust through the successful The draft may have included an even more extreme implementation of the agreement covering the next few demand from the French government. French Foreign years. Minister Laurent Fabius declared in mid‐June that the West wants to cut the number of centrifuges to “several Explaining the Princeton group’s plan at a briefing in hundred”. Washington, D.C. June end, nuclear scientist Frank N. von Hippel, who was assistant director for national security in After the June round of negotiations, Zarif denounced the the White House Office of Science and Technology in the draft as containing “excessive demands” which Iran would Bill Clinton administration, said, “We would have five not accept. years to cool down this impasse.” (IPS | July 1, 2014)  Photo: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry | Credit: U.S. Department of State Page 6 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES What Others Say Enhancing Nuclear Transparency By RIZWAN ASGHAR Pakistan’s nuclear security managers must not feel uncomfortable while sharing official and reliable information about the exact number of nuclear weapons and fissile material stockpiles. In 1944, famous Danish physicist Niels Bohr sent a letter port information about their fissile material stocks and nu‐ to US President Franklin D Roosevelt, warning him about clear arsenal to the UN Secretariat. However, his proposal the urgent need to control fissile materials by reaching an was not heeded. In 2010, the NPT RevCon also took up the understanding at the international level. A year later, in need to ensure nuclear transparency. In the 2012 and July 1945, the US carried out the first‐ever nuclear test, 2013 sessions of the NPT Preparatory Committee, two co‐ ushering the world into the nuclear age. After the Soviet alitions of states presented ‘working papers’ on transpar‐ Union conducted nuclear tests in 1949, Bohr sent another ency. This initiative once again caused global attention fo‐ letter to the United Nations, emphasising the need to bring cus on the need to improve transparency regarding exact greater nuclear transparency as a means to build mutual quantities of fissile materials and their production history. trust among nuclear powers. The utmost secrecy surrounding Pakistan’s nuclear pro‐ Today, 70 years after Bohr’s first warning, regulation of gramme has become a matter of serious concern for the the use of fissile material remains a distant dream. As of international community, particularly since 2003. Nuclear December 2013, the global stockpile of fissile material is experts criticise Pakistan’s nuclear security establishment estimated to be above 2,000 metric tonnes, which is for lack of transparency on its nuclear policies and prac‐ enough to make tens of thousands of new nuclear weap‐ tices that only fuel uncertainty and more fear. ons. There are an estimated 17,000 nuclear weapons glob‐ ally, with the US and Russia together holding more than On the other hand, Pakistan’s Strategic Plans Division 16,000 of these weapons. (SPD), the secretariat of the Nuclear Command Authority, has always criticised the western media for slanted cover‐ The lack of precise information regarding the exact num‐ age of Pakistan’s nuclear activities. In the Pakistani media, ber of nuclear weapons, their delivery systems and quan‐ information is generally shared only with ‘friendly’ ana‐ tity of fissile material remains a major issue. Due to nu‐ lysts and journalists. Such lack of transparency may allow clear secrecy in most nuclear weapon states, much uncer‐ terrorist organisations to exploit weak links in the security tainty surrounds the estimated figures. of our nuclear arsenal but many Pakistani strategic think‐ ers remain in a state of denial regarding this threat. More Over the past decade, the issue regarding the level of nu‐ or less the same culture of secrecy prevails in India and clear secrecy has become a serious subject matter in delib‐ North Korea. erations by the General Assembly’s First Committee at the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conferences Earlier, I have argued . . . that a fine balance between global (RevCon) and the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom) ses‐ responsibility in the nuclear security area and national sions. Some ‘recognised nuclear‐weapon states’ voluntar‐ sovereignty must be created to counter the emerging ily submit reports on their nuclear activities but there is threat of nuclear terrorism. There are examples where absolutely no transparency in the non‐NPT states. During countries have shared highly sensitive information with the Cold War era, nuclear secrecy was considered neces‐ one another, including, under the Open Skies Treaty, the sary for security. However, in the emerging era of nuclear Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programme and the terrorism, the lack of transparency has become a danger. agreement on conventional forces in Europe. After 1998, these concerns led the NPT review process to The main goal of greater transparency is to restore public enhance the transparency of the nuclear disarmament confidence by ensuring international accountability. Many process. In 2000, the NPT RevCon agreed upon ‘13 funda‐ Pakistani analysts, unduly opposing this goal, need to real‐ mental disarmament steps’, calling upon all member states ise that transparency does not entail disclosure of sensi‐ to increase transparency and submit regular reports on tive information about design and engineering of war‐ nuclear disarmament commitments. UN Secretary General heads.  Ban Ki‐Moon included nuclear transparency as the most important agenda item in his nuclear disarmament pro‐ Source: http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/opinion/01‐Jul‐ posal in 2008. He urged all nuclear weapons states to re‐ 2014/enhancing‐nuclear‐transparency Page 7 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES What Others Say Pakistan’s nuclear security managers must not feel un‐ Paris (2011), Washington DC (2012) and Geneva (2013) comfortable while sharing official and reliable information to discuss issues of increasing nuclear transparency and about the exact number of nuclear weapons and fissile ma‐ taking confidence‐building measures in this regard. Some terial stockpiles so that measurable progress can be made unilateral progress in improving nuclear transparency has toward nuclear disarmament. been witnessed over the past few years but universal sup‐ port is necessary to pressurise all nuclear countries to In the post‐Cold War era, the search for hegemony through share information about their arsenals. buildups of nuclear arsenals should have given way to the need for acquiring collective security and the goal of a As a first step, all nuclear weapon states should officially world without nuclear weapons. declare the total number of weapons in their nuclear arse‐ nals in the 2015 NPT RevCon, along with the commitment Many international forums, including the international to release subsequent annual updates. Civil society activ‐ Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Commission, the To‐ ists and media in all nuclear weapon states must fearlessly kyo Forum, the International Panel on Fissile Materials pressurise their respective governments to take this first and the International Commission on Nuclear Nonprolif‐ step. Ensuring nuclear transparency is a global responsi‐ eration and Disarmament have stressed the dangers of bility and Pakistan must not shy away from playing its part huge nuclear arsenals and fissile material stocks being in fulfilling that responsibility. shrouded in secrecy. Five NPT weapon states — the US, the UK, France, Russia and China — met in London (2009), (Daily Times, Pakistan | July 01, 2014)  It’s Time to Ratify the Nuclear Test‐Ban Treaty By JOHN ENGLE The Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty (CTBT) outlaws the testing of nuclear weapons. So far, 183 countries signed the treaty, but it cannot become a binding international law until it has been ratified by all states capable of developing nuclear weapons, of which there are 44 specified in the treaty. Of these states, three (India, Pakistan, and North Korea) have not signed the treaty, and a further six (China, Egypt, Israel, Iran, and the United States) are yet to ratify it. The United States signed the treaty in 1996, as soon as the done little to materially change America’s position on nu‐ language was agreed upon, but the Senate rejected it by a clear weapons. In a dangerous world, nuclear weapons are tiny margin. While the idea of the CTBT is quite simple, im‐ a necessary component of the American defense. However, plementation is immensely complex. One of the greatest it is also in America’s interest that the world’s supply of concerns of the treaty, and of the international community, nuclear weapons be kept within controllable bounds. is with monitoring countries so as to verify their compli‐ ance with the ban. To this end the treaty sets up the Inter‐ It is time for Obama to pursue the CTBT. It is time for the national Monitoring System (IMS), a network of hundreds Senate to ratify the treaty. of scientific facilities spread across the globe that monitor Fighting Proliferation seismic activity, radioactive fallout, atmospheric noise and oceanic waves to pick up evidence of a nuclear explosion. Nuclear weapons are the most destructive weapons ever If the IMS detects a suspected nuclear test then an on‐site created and it is right that they should be limited; some‐ inspection can follow. thing that the test ban treaty will be a step towards. An in‐ ternationally ratified treaty comprehensively banning the The treaty does not detail the action that would be taken testing of nuclear weapons would serve to hamper at‐ against a state that has broken the treaty, but the Charter tempts by countries currently not in possession of nuclear of the United Nations does empower the Security Council weapons from acquiring them. This is particularly im‐ to take “appropriate steps”. Although the treaty has not yet portant in the cases of Iran and North Korea. Iran is getting come into force, most of the IMS is now in place and work‐ closer and closer to having a working weapon and North ing. Korea already have simple nuclear weapons. These coun‐ President Obama has consistently stated that he is in favor tries’ possession of such weapons can only serve to dimin‐ of reducing nuclear proliferation. He even received the No‐ ish security in the world and the security of the United bel Peace Prize for his speeches on the matter. Yet he has States.  Page 8 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES What Others Say Of course, a country could just develop a nuclear weapon Securing America’s Interests without testing, but little faith can be put in a weapon that is entirely untested; all countries that currently possess Some countries have been reticent to sign the CTBT for nuclear weapons conducted tests. A comprehensive and fear it would limit their ability to either expand or to begin internationally ratified treaty against testing would serve their nuclear arsenals. The United States stands as one of as an important signaling device to countries considering the only such non‐ratifiers, in the company of such coun‐ developing nuclear weapons. Just as a taboo has formed tries as Iran, China, and North Korea. The United States around the use of nuclear weapons due to international ac‐ fears the limiting of the ability for it to defend itself with cords denouncing their use, so too would a ban on testing nuclear armament. However, in reality the United States generate a norm against it. will benefit politically and militarily by ratifying, and the world will be benefited by a greater chance for peace with‐ Countries rely on their reputations in international rela‐ out nuclear proliferation. tions; states will fear loss of credibility should they be seen flouting the ban, either by testing weapons themselves or American accession would benefit the United States polit‐ by supplying materials to countries seeking to perform ically by increasing its credibility as a responsible interna‐ tests. Some politicians and commentators say that rogue tional player with a respect for international law. Often nations do not care at all about how they are perceived. America is viewed by the rest of the world as a cowboy But all countries rely to some extent on reputation to en‐ pursuing its own aims and only paying lip service to the gage in international affairs. Most states do not like being international community’s opinion. If the United States pariahs, especially when that status carries with it heavy were to show a degree of respect to international law, par‐ political and economic sanctions. The United States could ticularly through signing CTBT, it will be more able to gain leverage international law in such a way as to further deter support from other countries for its goals. nuclear testing in potentially hostile countries. If the Senate ratifies the treaty, it will encourage other Trust, But Verify states to sign, such as China, which has said that its signa‐ ture is contingent upon that of America. American involve‐ Scanning and detection technology has become so ad‐ ment in the CTBT, and the Chinese involvement expected vanced in recent years that it is virtually impossible for a to follow from it, will give the treaty far greater weight, and country to detonate a nuclear device without it being de‐ will generate greater obedience to it, as countries recog‐ tected. Compliance with the treaty can be monitored nize that it is binding on all states, not just the weak. through the means of seismology, hydroacoustics, infra‐ sound, and radionuclide monitoring. The technologies are From a military standpoint, the United States has nothing used to monitor the underground, the waters and the at‐ to lose from signing as it may still retain its present nuclear mosphere for any sign of a nuclear explosion. The moni‐ stockpiles, as well as to develop new delivery and guidance toring network consists of 337 facilities located across the systems, provided they are not tested with live nuclear world. The system is so sensitive that it was able to detect warheads. Also, it has much to gain, as the ratification of the disintegration of the space shuttle Columbia. Further‐ the treaty will prevent other states from developing nu‐ more, the treaty’s system of inspection will reveal any sus‐ clear weapons, keeping the club of nuclear powers small picious activity regarding testing. and influential. Clearly, it is in the interest of the United States to sign the treaty, in order to benefit not only itself, Clearly, efficacy in terms of determining who might be but also the international community. testing weapons is not an issue. When countries are found to be violating the CTBT, heavy political and economic As Barack Obama’s presidency approaches its final de‐ sanctions can be imposed that will serve to force countries cline, he should be considering what he can call his legacy. back into compliance with the treaty. A ratified CTBT gives Fulfilling the mission for which he was prematurely given a greater power to the world’s democratic powers, the the Nobel Prize might go some way to restoring him in the United States in particular, to take action against those eyes of history. And maybe that gold medal could be placed states that would develop nuclear weapons. Ratification on his mantelpiece without shame. (blog.heartland.org | would give a much greater moral justification to a decision July 5, 2014)  to take economic or political action against *John Engle, a graduate of Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, is an intern in the communications department at The Heartland Institute. Page 9 Visit <> http://www.ipsnews.net/news/projects/nuclear‐weapons/ Visit <> http://www.nuclearabolition.info   B N N ‐P EYOND UCLEAR ON ROLIFERATION NEWSLETTER FOR STRENGTHENING AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR ABOLITION WITH JULY 2014 ARTICLES What Others Say India‐US: Nuclear Ayatollahs and the Politics of Non‐proliferation By GURMEET KANWAL In a completely partisan and somewhat condescending ed‐ in the international community, entirely justified, that itorial in early‐July 2014, The New York Times wrote: “If some of Pakistan’s nuclear warheads could fall into jihadi India wants to be part of the nuclear suppliers group, it hands. needs to sign the treaty that prohibits nuclear testing, stop Some statements made by IHS Jane’s in its report are fac‐ producing fissile material, and begin talks with its rivals on tually incorrect. The research group has assessed that the nuclear weapons containment.” new Indian uranium enrichment facility at the Indian Rare The editorial is sharply critical of and vehemently opposes Metals Plant near Mysore would enhance India's ability to India’s efforts to acquire membership of the Nuclear Sup‐ produce ‘weapons‐grade’ uranium to twice the amount pliers Group (NSG). It bases its criticism on a report by IHS needed for its planned nuclear‐powered SSBN fleet. The Jane’s that India is in the process of enhancing its capacity report does not say how the research group arrived at this to enrich uranium – ostensibly to power the nuclear reac‐ deduction. Also, the nuclear power reactors of SSBNs re‐ tors on the INS Arihant and future SSBNs, but much in ex‐ quire uranium to be enriched only up to 30 to 40 per cent. cess of the requirement. This, the editorial says, is causing Weapons‐grade uranium must be enriched to levels over anxiety to the Pakistanis and has raised the spectre of an 90 per cent. arms race in Southern Asia. For the record, the Government of India has denied re‐ It is obvious that the editorial writer understands neither ports that it is ‘covertly’ expanding its nuclear arsenal. An the background to nor the present context of India’s nu‐ Indian official told The Hindu (Atul Aneja, “India trashes clear deterrence. As stated in a letter written by then report on covert nuclear facility,” 22 June 2014) that the Prime Minister AB Vajpayee to US President Bill Clinton af‐ report was “mischievously timed” as it came just before a ter India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in May 1998 (in an un‐ meeting of the NSG. He said, “It is interesting that such re‐ friendly act, the letter was leaked to the media by the ports questioning India’s nuclear credentials are planted White House), the primary reason for India’s acquisition of at regular intervals.” nuclear weapons was the existential threat posed by two The US Government also dismissed the report (“US dis‐ nuclear‐armed states on India’s borders with both of misses report on India covertly increasing nukes”, The which India had fought wars over territorial disputes. The Hindu, 21 June 2014) as “highly speculative.” The US State China‐Pakistan nuclear and missile nexus, including the Department Spokesperson said, “We remain fully commit‐ clandestine transfer of technology from China to Pakistan, ted to the terms of the 123 agreement and to enhancing has irrevocably changed the strategic balance in Southern our strategic relationship. Nothing we provide to India un‐ Asia by helping Pakistan to neutralise India’s superiority der the civ‐nuke agreement may be used to enhance In‐ in conventional forces and has helped Pakistan to wage a dia’s military capability or add to its military stockpile…” proxy war under its nuclear umbrella. The Indo‐US civil nuclear cooperation agreement of 2005 Since then, the nuclear environment in Southern Asia has gives an exemption to India’s nuclear weapons facilities been further destabilised. China’s ASAT (anti‐satellite and stockpiles of nuclear weapons fuel from inspections weapons) test, BMD (ballistic missile defence) pro‐ by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and In‐ gramme, efforts aimed at acquiring MIRV (multiple inde‐ dia is at liberty to set up additional military facilities using pendently targetable re‐entry vehicle) capability and am‐ unsafeguarded materials if these are considered neces‐ biguity in its no first use (NFU) commitment, while simul‐ sary. India has agreed to bring 14 nuclear power reactors taneously rapidly modernising the PLA (People’s Libera‐ under international safeguards. Eight military facilities, in‐ tion Army) and its efforts to establish a ‘string of pearls’ by cluding reactors, enrichment and reprocessing facilities way of ports in the Indian Ocean, are a cause for concern and three heavy water reactors will remain out of the pur‐ for India. Similarly, Pakistan is engaged in the acquisition view of IAEA safeguards. of ‘full spectrum’ nuclear capability, including a triad and tactical nuclear weapons (TNWs), which invariably lower India has been a responsible nuclear power and has a pos‐ the threshold of use. Pakistan has stockpiled a larger num‐ itive record on non‐proliferation. India has consistently ber of nuclear warheads (100 to 110) than India (80 to 90) supported total nuclear disarmament and is in favour of and is continuing to add to its numbers as it has been given negotiations for the Fissile Material Cut‐off Treaty (FMCT). unsafeguarded nuclear reactors by China. In view of sev‐ Non‐proliferation ayatollahs should channelise their ef‐ eral mujahideen attacks on Pakistan’s armed forces’ estab‐ forts towards identifying and shaming the real prolifera‐ lishments during the last few years, there is apprehension tors. (IPCS | July 17, 2014)  Page 10