Sixth Edition Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer’s Pathology of DOMESTIC ANIMALS Volume 2 Sixth Edition Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer’s Pathology of DOMESTIC ANIMALS Volume 2 EDITED BY: M. GRANT MAXIE, DVM, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACVP Co-Executive Director, Laboratory Service Division Director, Animal Health Laboratory University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario Canada 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 JUBB, KENNEDY, AND PALMER’S PATHOLOGY ISBN: 978-0-7020-5322-1 (3 VOLUME SET) OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, SIXTH EDITION 978-0-7020-5317-7 (VOLUME 1) 978-0-7020-5318-4 (VOLUME 2) 978-0-7020-5319-1 (VOLUME 3) Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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Previous editions copyrighted 2007, 1993, 1985, 1970, 1963 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer’s pathology of domestic animals / edited by M. Grant Maxie.—Sixth edition. p. ; cm. title: Pathology of domestic animals Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7020-5322-1 (3 vol. set : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-7020-5317-7 (v. 1 : alk. paper)— ISBN 978-0-7020-5318-4 (v. 2 : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-7020-5319-1 (v. 3 : alk. paper) I. Maxie, M. Grant, editor. II. Title: Pathology of domestic animals. [DNLM: 1. Pathology, Veterinary. 2. Animals, Domestic. SF 769] SF769.P345 2016 636.089’607—dc23 2015009121 Vice President and Publisher: Loren Wilson Publishing Services Managers: Anne Altepeter and Content Strategy Director: Penny Rudolph Patricia Tannian Content Development Manager: Jolynn Gower Senior Project Manager: Sharon Corell Content Development Specialist: Brandi Graham Project Manager: Louise King Content Coordinator: Kayla Mugle Designer: Brian Salisbury Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Dorothee Bienzle, DVM, PhD, Barry J. Cooper, BVSc, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Diplomate ACVP Professor Professor Emeritus of Pathology Department of Pathobiology Department of Biomedical Sciences Ontario Veterinary College Cornell University University of Guelph Ithaca, New York Pathobiology USA University of Guelph Muscle and tendon Guelph, Ontario Canada Hematopoietic system Linden E. Craig, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Department of Biomedical and Carlo Cantile, DVM, PhD Diagnostic Sciences Professor of Veterinary Pathology University of Tennessee College of Department of Veterinary Science Veterinary Medicine University of Pisa Knoxville, Tennessee Pisa, Italy USA Nervous system Bones and joints John M. Cullen, VMD, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Jeff L. Caswell, DVM, DVSc, PhD, Professor Diplomate ACVP Department of Population Health and Professor Pathobiology Department of Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine Ontario Veterinary College North Carolina State University University of Guelph Raleigh, North Carolina Guelph, Ontario USA Canada Liver and biliary system Respiratory system Keren E. Dittmer, BVSc, PhD, Rachel E. Cianciolo, VMD, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Diplomate ACVP Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Assistant Professor Biomedical Sciences Co-Director, International Veterinary Massey University Renal Pathology Service Palmerston North, Manawatu Department of Veterinary Biosciences New Zealand College of Veterinary Medicine Bones and joints The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio USA Urinary system v vi ContRiButoRS Robert A. Foster, BVSc, PhD, Elizabeth A. Mauldin, DVM, MACVSc, Diplomate ACVP Diplomate ACVP, Diplomate ACVD Professor Associate Professor Department of Pathobiology Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College School of Veterinary Medicine University of Guelph University of Pennsylvania Guelph, Ontario Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Canada USA Female genital system Integumentary system Male genital system M. Grant Maxie, DVM, PhD, Andrea Gröne, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Diplomate ACVP, Diplomate ECVP Co-Executive Director, Laboratory Professor Service Division Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Director, Animal Health Laboratory Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph Utrecht University Guelph, Ontario Utrecht, The Netherlands Canada Endocrine glands Introduction to the diagnostic process Jesse M. Hostetter, DVM, PhD, Margaret A. Miller, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Diplomate ACVP Associate Professor Professor Department of Veterinary Pathology Department of Comparative College of Veterinary Medicine Pathobiology Iowa State University Purdue University Ames, Iowa West Lafayette, Indiana USA USA Alimentary system Introduction to the diagnostic process Kenneth V. F. Jubb† F. Charles Mohr, DVM, PhD, Emeritus Professor Diplomate ACVP Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Professor of Clinical Anatomic Sciences Pathology University of Melbourne Department of Veterinary Pathology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Microbiology, and Immunology Pancreas School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, California USA Matti Kiupel, Dr med vet habil, PhD, Urinary system Diplomate ACVP Professor Department of Pathobiology and Bradley L. njaa, DVM, MVSc, Diagnostic Investigation Diplomate ACVP College of Veterinary Medicine Anatomic Pathologist III Michigan State University IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. East Lansing, Michigan Professor (Adjunct) USA Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Hematopoietic system Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma USA Special senses †Deceased. ContRiButoRS vii Jeanine Peters-Kennedy, DVM, Donald H. Schlafer, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, Diplomate ACVD Diplomate ACVP/ACVM/ACt Assistant Clinical Professor Emeritus Professor Department of Biomedical Sciences Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Cornell University Ithaca, New York Ithaca, New York USA USA Integumentary system Female genital system Brandon L. Plattner, DVM, PhD, Margaret J. Stalker, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Diplomate ACVP Assistant Professor Animal Health Laboratory Department of Pathobiology Laboratory Services Division Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario Guelph, Ontario Canada Canada Liver and biliary system Alimentary system Andrew W. Stent, BVSc, nicholas A. Robinson, BVSc (Hons), MAnZCVS, PhD PhD, MACVSc, Diplomate ACVP Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Professor Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Melbourne University of Minnesota Melbourne, Victoria St. Paul, Minnesota Australia USA Pancreas Cardiovascular system Keith G. thompson, BVSc, PhD, Wayne F. Robinson, BVSc, MVSc, Diplomate ACVP PhD, MACVSc, Diplomate ACVP Emeritus Professor Emeritus Professor Pathobiology Section Federation University Australia Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Victoria, Australia Biomedical Sciences Cardiovascular system Massey University Palmerston North, Manawatu New Zealand Bones and joints thomas J. Rosol, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Francisco A. uzal, DVM, FRVC, PhD, Professor Diplomate ACVP Department of Veterinary Biosciences California Animal Health and Food Senior Advisor, Life Sciences, Safety Laboratory Technology Commercialization University of California Office San Bernardino, California College of Veterinary Medicine USA The Ohio State University Alimentary system Columbus, Ohio USA Endocrine glands viii ContRiButoRS Beth A. Valentine, DVM, PhD, Kurt J. Williams, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP Diplomate ACVP Professor Department of Pathobiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences Diagnostic Investigation College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University Michigan State University Corvallis, Oregon East Lansing, Michigan USA USA Muscle and tendon Respiratory system V.E.o. (ted) Valli, DVM, PhD, R. Darren Wood, DVM, DVSc, Diplomate ACVP Diplomate ACVP Professor Emeritus Associate Professor Department of Pathobiology Department of Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine Ontario Veterinary College University of Illinois at University of Guelph Urbana-Champaign Guelph, Ontario Champaign, Illinois Canada USA Hematopoietic system Hematopoietic system Sameh Youssef, BVSc, PhD, DVSc, Brian P. Wilcock, DVM, PhD Diplomate ACVP Histovet Surgical Pathology Professor Guelph, Ontario Department of Pathology Canada Alexandria Veterinary College Special senses Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt Nervous system Preface In this sixth edition of Pathology of Domestic Animals, we Included on the companion website are: continue the long tradition of surveying the literature and • A complete image collection, including 325 bonus, elec- updating the information in this reference textbook in light tronic-only figures that have been called out in the text. of our own practical experience in the pathology of the major These figures are identified in the printed version as “eFigs.” domestic mammals. True to the spirit of the first edition, this • An expanded list of useful references, each linked to the text is designed to explain the pathogenesis of common and original abstract on PubMed.com. not-so-common diseases, define the distinguishing features of I hope that we have captured significant changes and these various conditions, and put them in a context relevant have synthesized this new knowledge to provide a balanced to both students and working pathologists. Knowledge has overview of all topics covered. Keeping pace with evolving been generated incrementally since the publication of the fifth agents and their changing impacts is a never-ending challenge. edition, particularly with respect to improved understanding We have used current anatomical and microbial terminology, of pathogenesis at the molecular level, as well as through the based on internationally accepted reference sources, such as use of improved diagnostic tools, including the frontier of the Universal Virus Database of the International Committee whole genome sequencing. My thanks to the contributors to on Taxonomy of Viruses (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ this edition for their rigorous perusal of the literature in their ICTVdb/index.htm). Microbial taxonomy is, of course, con- areas of interest, for their addition of insightful information tinually evolving, and classifications and names of organisms to their chapters, and for their inclusion of many new figures. can be expected to be updated as newer phylogenetic analyses are reported. Debate continues, for example, over the taxonomy of Chlamydophila/Chlamydia spp. And change will NEW TO THE SIXTH EDITION continue. The most noticeable, and I think very welcome, change in the We have attempted to contact all contributors of figures sixth edition is the addition of full-color figures throughout from previous editions and from various archives and apolo- the text. Nearly all of the images from prior editions have gize to any whom we were unable to contact or who were been replaced. These new images clearly depict the diagnostic overlooked. If any individual recognizes an image as one of features of hundreds of conditions. his/her own or as belonging to a colleague, we would be happy We have also added a new chapter, “Introduction to the to correct the attribution in a future printing. Diagnostic Process,” to the usual lineup of chapters in these 3 volumes. The goal of this new chapter is to illustrate the Acknowledgments whole-animal perspective and detail the approaches to sys- My thanks to Elsevier for their help and support throughout temic, multi-system, and polymicrobial disease. this project, beginning in the United Kingdom with Robert The complete index is again printed in each volume as an Edwards and Carole McMurray, and more recently in the aid to readers. “Further reading” lists have been pruned in the United States, with Penny Rudolph, content strategy director; print book to save space. All references are available on any Brandi Graham, content development specialist; Sharon electronic version of the text as well as on the companion Corell, senior project manager; Louise King, project manager, website that accompanies the purchase of any print book. and the entire behind-the-scenes production team. These online references link to abstracts on PubMed.com. Grant Maxie Guelph, Ontario, 2015 COMPANION WEBSITE In addition to updating the graphic design of these volumes, the print version of Pathology of Domestic Animals now has a companion website, accessible at: PathologyofDomesticAnimals.com ix These volumes are dedicated to Drs. Kenneth V.F. Jubb (1928-2013)1, Peter C. Kennedy (1923-2006)2, and Nigel C. Palmer, and to my family—Laura, Kevin, and Andrea. Drs. Palmer, Jubb, and Kennedy while working on the third edition in Melbourne, 1983. (Courtesy, University of Melbourne.) 1http://www.vet.unimelb.edu.au/news/2013/memorial.html 2http://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/inmemoriam/peterckennedy.htm CHAPTER 1 Alimentary System Francisco A. Uzal • Brandon L. Plattner • Jesse M. Hostetter ORAL CAVITY 2 INTESTINE 60 Congenital anomalies 2 Normal form and function 60 Diseases of teeth and dental tissues 4 Immune elements and the gastrointestinal mucosal Developmental anomalies of teeth 6 barrier 62 Degenerative conditions of teeth and dental tissue 7 Gastrointestinal microbiota 65 Infectious and inflammatory diseases of teeth and Electrolyte and water transport in the intestine 65 periodontium 9 Epithelial renewal in health and disease 66 Diseases of the buccal cavity and mucosa 12 Small intestine 66 Pigmentation 12 Villus atrophy 67 Circulatory disturbances 12 Large intestine 68 Foreign bodies in the oral cavity 13 Pathophysiology of enteric disease 69 Inflammation of the oral cavity 13 Malassimilation 69 Parasitic diseases of the oral cavity 19 Diarrhea 70 Diseases of the tonsils 19 Protein metabolism in enteric disease 72 Neoplastic and like lesions of the oral cavity 20 Anemia 73 Reactive and hyperplastic lesions 21 Congenital anomalies of the intestine 73 Oral papillomatosis 22 Intestinal obstruction 74 Tumors of dental tissues 22 Stenosis and obturation 75 Squamous cell carcinomas 25 Extrinsic obstruction 76 Melanomas 26 Functional obstruction 77 Fibrosarcomas 27 Displacements of the intestines 78 Mast cell tumors 27 Eventration 78 Granular cell tumors 27 Cecal and colonic dilation, tympany, and torsion 78 Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the oral cavity and pharynx 27 Displacements of the equine colon 78 Plasmacytomas 27 Internal hernia 79 Vascular tumors 28 External hernia 79 Miscellaneous tumors 28 Intestinal ischemia and infarction 81 SALIVARY GLANDS 28 Venous infarction 82 Neoplasms of salivary glands 30 Arterial thromboembolism 83 ESOPHAGUS 30 Reduced perfusion 83 Anomalies, epithelial metaplasia, and similar lesions 31 Miscellaneous conditions of the intestinal tract 86 Esophagitis 31 Malassimilation and protein-losing syndromes 89 Esophageal obstruction, stenosis, and perforation 32 Lymphangiectasia 90 Dysphagia 33 Amyloidosis 91 Parasitic diseases of the esophagus 34 Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease 91 FORESTOMACHS 35 Eosinophilic enteritis in cats and horses 96 Dystrophic and hyperplastic changes in the Granulomatous enteritis 97 ruminal mucosa 36 Inflammation of the large intestine 97 Postmortem change 36 Typhlocolitis in dogs 97 Dilation of the rumen 36 Colitis in cats 98 Foreign bodies in the forestomachs 38 Typhlocolitis in horses 99 Traumatic reticuloperitonitis and its complications 38 Typhlocolitis in swine 100 Rumenitis 39 Typhlocolitis in ruminants 100 Rumenitis and acidosis caused by carbohydrate Neoplastic and proliferative lesions of the stomach overload 40 and intestine 100 Parasitic diseases of the forestomachs 43 Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas 101 Neoplasia of the esophagus and forestomachs 43 Adenomatous hyperplasia/papillary adenoma/polyps 104 STOMACH AND ABOMASUM 44 Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoids) 105 Normal form and function 44 Gastric squamous cell carcinomas 106 Gastric mucosal barrier 46 Malignant lymphomas 107 Response of the gastric mucosa to injury 46 Gastrointestinal mast cell tumors 109 Pyloric stenosis 48 Extramedullary plasmacytomas 109 Gastric dilation and displacement 48 Intestinal stromal tumors 110 Gastric foreign bodies and impaction 50 APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL Circulatory disturbances 51 DISEASE 111 Gastritis 52 Diarrhea in neonatal ruminants, swine, and horses 111 Gastroduodenal ulceration 55 Diarrhea in calves 112 1