MARCINKIEWICZCENTENARYVOLUME BANACHCENTERPUBLICATIONS,VOLUME95 INSTITUTEOFMATHEMATICS POLISHACADEMYOFSCIENCES WARSZAWA2011 JÓZEF MARCINKIEWICZ (1910–1940) – ON THE CENTENARY OF HIS BIRTH LECH MALIGRANDA Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. JózefMarcinkiewicz's(1910(cid:21)1940)nameisnotknownbymanypeople,exceptmaybe a small group of mathematicians, although his in(cid:29)uence on the analysis and probability theory ofthetwentiethcenturywasenormous.Thissurveyofhislifeandworkisinhonourofthe100th anniversary of his birth and 70th anniversary of his death. The discussion is divided into two periods of Marcinkiewicz's life. First, 1910(cid:21)1933, that is, from his birth to his graduation from theUniversityofStefanBatoryinVilnius,andfortheperiod1933(cid:21)1940,whenheachievedsci- enti(cid:28)ctitles,wasworkingattheuniversity,didhisarmyservicesandwasstayingabroad.Part3 contains a list of di(cid:27)erent activities to celebrate the memory of Marcinkiewicz. In part 4, scien- ti(cid:28)cachievementsinmathematics,includingtheresultsassociatedwithhisname,arediscussed. Marcinkiewicz worked in functional analysis, probability, theory of real and complex functions, trigonometricseries,Fourierseries,orthogonalseriesandapproximationtheory.Hewrote55sci- enti(cid:28)cpapersinsixyears(1933(cid:21)1939).Marcinkiewicz'snameinmathematicsisconnectedwith theMarcinkiewiczinterpolationtheorem,Marcinkiewiczspaces,theMarcinkiewiczintegraland function,Marcinkiewicz(cid:21)Zygmundinequalities,theMarcinkiewicz(cid:21)Zygmundstronglawoflarge numbers, the Marcinkiewicz multiplier theorem, the Marcinkiewicz(cid:21)Salem conjecture, the Mar- cinkiewicztheoremonthecharacteristicfunctionandtheMarcinkiewicztheoremonthePerron integral. Books and papers containing Marcinkiewicz's mathematical results are cited in part 4 just after the discussion of his mathematical achievements. The work ends with a full list of Marcinkiewicz's scienti(cid:28)c papers and a list of articles devoted to him. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 01A70, 46E30, 46B70, 28A15, 60E15, 46B09, 60E10, 60F15, 42B15, 26D05; Secondary: 41A10, 26D15, 01A60. Key words and phrases:Marcinkiewiczinterpolationtheorem,Marcinkiewiczspaces,Marcinkie- wiczintegral,independentrandomvariables,inequalitiesinprobability,characteristicfunctions, di(cid:27)erentiation theory, maximal functions, multipliers, Marcinkiewicz sets, convergence of Rie- mann sums, vector-valued inequalities, Fourier and orthogonal series, Lagrange interpolation, inequalities for trigonometric functions and polynomials, rearrangements of series, universal primitive functions, Perron integral. The paper is in (cid:28)nal form and no version of it will be published elsewhere. DOI:10.4064/bc95-0-10 [133] °c InstytutMatematycznyPAN,2011 134 L.MALIGRANDA 1. Life of Marcinkiewicz from the birth to university (1910–1933). Józef Mar- cinkiewicz was born on 12 April 1910 (30 March 1910 in old style=Julian calendar) in the small village Cimoszka near Biaªystok (Poland). His parents were Klemens Marcin- kiewicz(1866–1941)andAleksandraMarcinkiewicznéeChodakiewicz(1878–1941).Józef was the fourth of (cid:28)ve children. The children of Klemens and Aleksandra Marcinkiewicz were: Stanisªawa Marcinkie- wicz–Lewicka (1903–1988), Mieczysªaw Marcinkiewicz (1904–1976), Edward Marcinkie- wicz (1908–1985), Józef Marcinkiewicz (1910–1940), Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz (1913– 1946). Photo 1. Józef Marcinkiewicz and his signature Photo 2. Parents of Józef Marcinkiewicz J. MARCINKIEWICZ – ON THE CENTENARY OF HIS BIRTH 135 Marcinkiewiczgrewupwithsomehealthproblems,inparticularhehadlungtrouble, but this did not prevent him taking an active part in sports. Swimming and skiing were two sports at which he became particularly pro(cid:28)cient. Because of his poor health, Marcinkiewicz (cid:28)rst took private lessons at home and then he (cid:28)nished elementary school in Janów. After that Marcinkiewicz went to the District Gymnasium in Sokóªka (after 4th class of elementary school and examination). In the period 1924–1930 he studied at the King Zygmunt August State Gymnasium in Biaªystok. He obtained his secondary-school cer- ti(cid:28)cate (matura certi(cid:28)cate) on 22 June 1930 (number 220/322). Photo 3. Photo and the (cid:28)rst page of Marcinkiewicz's gradebook ((cid:16)indeks(cid:17)) In 1930 Marcinkiewicz became student at the Department of Mathematics and Nat- ural Science, Stefan Batory University (USB) in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From the (cid:28)rst year at the University, Marcinkiewicz demonstrated knowl- edge of the subject and exceptional mathematical talent. He attracted the attention of the following three professors from the Department: Stefan Kempisty, Juliusz Rudnicki and Antoni Zygmund.1 1StefanJanKempisty(born23July1892inZamo±¢(cid:21)died5August1940inprisoninWilno), Juliusz Rudnicki (born 30 March 1881 in village Siekierzy«ce near Kamieniec Podolski (cid:21) died 26February1948inToru«),AntoniZygmund(born25December1900inWarsaw(cid:21)died30May 1992 in Chicago). 136 L.MALIGRANDA In his second year of studies he participated, in the academic year 1931/32, at Zyg- mund’scourseonorthogonal seriesprecededbyanintroduction to the theory of Lebesgue integration. This course was too di(cid:30)cult for the average second year student and Mar- cinkiewicz asked Zygmund for permission to take this course. That was the beginning of their fruitful mathematical collaboration. AswellasMarcinkiewicz,therewereafewotheryoungmathematicians,forexample, Konstanty Sokóª-Sokoªowski, later he obtained PhD in mathematics and senior assistant attheDepartmentofMathematics,whobecamelikeMarcinkiewiczoneofthevictimsof the war (and like Marcinkiewicz he was killed in Kharkov in 1940).2 Photo 4. Józef Marcinkiewicz Zygmund wrote ([JMCP], pp. 2–3): When I think of Marcinkiewicz I see in my imagination a tall and handsome boy, lively, sensitive, warm and ambitious, with a great sense of duty and honor. He did not shun amusement, and in particular was quite fond of danc- ing and the game of bridge. His health was not particularly good; he had weak lungs and had to be careful of himself. He was interested in sports (possibly becauseofhishealth)andwasagoodswimmerandskier.Healsohadintellec- tual interests outside Mathematics, knew a lot of modern Physics and certain branches of Celestial Mechanics. He said to me once that before entering the university he had hesitated about whether to choose mathematics or Polish literature. 2KonstantySokóª-Sokoªowski(born9September1906inTarnobrzeg(cid:21)killedinAprilorMay 1940 in Kharkov). He has written his PhD thesis under supervision of Zygmund in 1939 On trigonometric series conjugate to Fourier series of two variables. J. MARCINKIEWICZ – ON THE CENTENARY OF HIS BIRTH 137 We must remember that Antoni Zygmund was not only a master for Marcinkiewicz, but also an advocate for his achievements. In 1940 Zygmund emigrated to the United States, and from 1947 he worked in Chicago, where he created the famous school of mathematics. His students were among others Alberto Calderón (1920–1998), Leonard D. Berkovitz (1924–2009), Paul J. Cohen (1934–2007) – awarded the Fields Medal in 1966, Mischa Cotlar (1912–2007), Eugene Fabes (1937–1997), Nathan Fine (1916–1994), BenjaminMuckenhoupt(1933),VictorL.Shapiro(1924),EliasStein(1931),DanielWa- terman (1927), Guido Weiss (1928), Mary Weiss (1930–1966), Richard Wheeden (1940) and Izaak Wirszup (1915–2008). It is thanks to Zygmund, who survived the war and be- came an important mathematician in the world, the name of Marcinkiewicz also became widely known among mathematicians. Marcinkiewicz was interested in literature, music, painting, poetry, and he also wrote poetry himself. He liked almost all areas of life and also to talk about di(cid:27)erent topics. While studying he learnt English, French and Italian. Mathematics, however, he always put (cid:28)rst. He took an active part in the student life participating in various events orga- nized by the Mathematical-Physical Circle; in the academic year 1932/33 he was presi- dentoftheBoard.Hiscloserfriendsandcolleagueswere:StanisªawKolankowski,Wanda Onoszko, Danuta Grzesikowska (-Sadowska) and Leon Je±manowicz. Marcinkiewiczgraduatedin1933,afteronlythreeyearsofstudyandon20June1933 he obtained a Master of Science degree (in mathematics) at USB. The title of his master thesis was Convergence of the Fourier(cid:21)Lebesgue series and the supervisor was Professor Antoni Zygmund. His M.Sc. thesis consisted of his (cid:28)rst original results in mathematics and contained, among other things, the proof of the new and interesting theorem that there exists a continuousperiodicfunctionwhosetrigonometricinterpolatingpolynomials,correspond- ingtoequidistantnodalpoints,divergealmosteverywhere.Theseresults,inasomewhat extended form, were presented two years later as his PhD thesis. 2. Scientificcareer,work,militaryserviceandtragicend. IntheperiodsSeptem- ber 1933 – August 1934 and September 1934 – August 1935 he was assistant to the Zygmund chair of mathematics at USB. In the interim he did one year military service in 5th Infantry Regiment of Legions in Wilno. He (cid:28)nished the military course with an excellent score. On 17 September 1934 he wastransferredtothereserves.Marcinkiewicztookhissoldieringdutiesseriously,butnot withoutasenseofhumourasfarasthedisadvantagesofmilitaryservicewereconcerned. He received the following evaluation: Outstanding individuality. Very energetic and full of initiative. (...) Deep and bright mind. (...) Memory and logical thinking very good (...) Characterized by a good planning and persistence in work. Overall evaluation: outstanding. InSeptember1934hereturnedtoUSBandon25June1935hedefendedhisPhDthesis entitledInterpolationpolynomialsofabsolutelycontinuousfunctionsattheStefanBatory UniversityinWilno,undersupervisionofAntoniZygmund.HisPhDthesiswasabooklet 138 L.MALIGRANDA Photo 5. 1933. The (cid:28)rst page of hand-written master thesis of Józef Marcinkiewicz of41pagespublishedinPolishinDissertationesInauguralesNo.10,USB.Itwasalsopub- lishedasthepaperin[M35c]anditsEnglishtranslationappearedin[JMCP],pp.45–70. The evaluation of Marcinkiewicz’s PhD dissertation made by Zygmund (28 May 1935) contains the following opinion: IthinkMarcinkiewicz'sworkisveryvaluable,showingbigmathematicaltalent and originality of the author. I accept it as a doctoral dissertation. J. MARCINKIEWICZ – ON THE CENTENARY OF HIS BIRTH 139 Photo 6. XI Congress of Scienti(cid:28)c Mathematical-Physical and Astronomical Circles (25(cid:21)28 May 1933) in Wilno. Congress Hall USB. Sitting in the (cid:28)rst row from the left: Kazimierz Jantzen (1885(cid:21)1940), Józef Stanisªaw Patkowski (1887(cid:21)1942) (cid:21) physicist, Kazimierz Opoczy«ski (1877(cid:21)1963) (cid:21) rector of USB, Wªadysªaw Dziewulski (1878(cid:21)1962) (cid:21) astronomer, Józef Marcinkiewicz (1910(cid:21)1940), Ira Anna Ko¹niewska (1911(cid:21)1989) (cid:21) statistician, Wacªaw Michaª Dziewulski (1882(cid:21)1938) (cid:21) physicist, Stefan Jan Kempisty (1892(cid:21)1940), Bogumiª Jasinowski (1883(cid:21)1969) (cid:21) philosopher, Aleksander Januszkiewicz (1872(cid:21)1955), Antoni Zygmund (1900(cid:21)1992), Edward Szpilrajn-Marczewski (1907(cid:21)1976) At the PhD examination, taken on 7 June 1935, the questions to Marcinkiewicz were the following: Zygmund: problem of approximation of functions, interpolation the- ory (Legendre, Hermite), quadratic approximation, Chebyshev polynomials, Fejér results, convergence criterion in the case when nodes are zeros of Jacobi polynomials, means ap- proximation of p6=2; Rudnicki: entire functions, results of Weierstrass, Poincaré, Borel, Picard, Hadamard, theory of Nevanlinna and Julia; Kempisty: Perron integral and its di(cid:27)erent definitions, similar question for functions of two variables, surface and its mea- suring, results of Rado and Tonelli; Dziewulski: equations of motion in mechanics of celestial bodies, integrals of these equations, the perturbation function, Lagrangian points, motion of the stars and the currents of stars. 140 L.MALIGRANDA Photo 7. Diploma of doctor of philosophy During the years 1934–1938 Marcinkiewicz was taken on six-weeks military exercises (25June–16September1934,12August–21September1935,1July–10August1936,1938 – before travel to France). The spent the academic year 1935/1936 at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów. This was a one year Fellowship from the Fund for National Culture and the assistant position at the chair of Stefan Banach in the period 1 December 1935– 31 August 1936 with 12 hours of teaching weekly (cf. [DP10], pp. 59–61). Marcinkiewicz visited the Scottish Café. He solved problems 83 of Auerbach, 106 of Banach and 131 of Zygmund from the Scottish Book. Moreover, he posed his own problem number 124 (cf. J. MARCINKIEWICZ – ON THE CENTENARY OF HIS BIRTH 141 [Mau81], pp. 211–212). In Lwów Marcinkiewicz cooperated with Juliusz Paweª Schauder (1899–1943),whohadreturnedtoLwówayearearlierhavingspenttimeinParisworking with Hadamard and Leray.3 Photo 8. Józef Marcinkiewicz Zygmund writes ([JMCP], p. 3): The in(cid:29)uence of Schauder was particularly beneficial and would probably have ledtoimportantdevelopmentshadtimepermitted.Forinthefieldofrealvari- able Marcinkiewicz had exceptionally strong intuition and technique, and the resultsheobtainedinthetheoryofconjugatefunctions,hadtheybeenextended to functions of several variables might have given (as we see clearly now) a strong push to the theory of partial di(cid:27)erential equations. The only visible trace of Schauder's in(cid:29)uence is a very interesting paper of Marcinkiewicz on the multipliers of Fourier series, a paper which originated in connection with a problem proposed by Schauder (...) While in Lwów Marcinkiewicz also collaborated with Stefan Kaczmarz (1895–1939) and Wªadysªaw Orlicz (1903–1990)4 he became interested in problems of general orthog- onal systems and wrote a series of papers on this subject. He published joint paper with KaczmarzonmultipliersofFourierseriesandwasworkinginLwówongeneralorthogonal series. Marcinkiewicz was nominated senior assistant to the chair of mathematics at USB for the period 1 September 1936 – 31 August 1937 and on 16 April 1937 Marcinkiewicz (cid:28)lled in an application to commence his habilitation. After one month, on 25 May 1937 Zygmund wrote the following opinion about the papers of Marcinkiewicz: 3Juliusz Paweª Schauder (born 21 September 1899 in Lwów (cid:21) killed in September 1943). 4Stefan Kaczmarz (born 20 March 1895 in Sambor (cid:21) killed in September 1939), Wªadysªaw Orlicz (born 24 May 1903 in Okocim (cid:21) died 9 August 1990 in Pozna«). 142 L.MALIGRANDA From the above discussion the work of Dr. Marcinkiewicz shows that it con- tains a number of interesting and important results. Some of them, due to their final form, will certainly appear in textbooks in mathematics. It should be mentioned that in some of the early papers we can already see strong and subtle arithmetic techniques; things of rare quality. The entire collection is extremely favorable and testifies to the multilateral and original mathematical talent of the author. Photo9.Wilno,4March1936.Doctorhonoris causaforProfessorKazimierzSªawi«ski5.Inthe foreground (from the left): Juliusz Rudnicki, N.N., Kornel Michejda, Stefan Kempisty, Edward Bekier. At the wall (fourth and (cid:28)fth from the left): Józef Marcinkiewicz and Antoni Zygmund Marcinkiewicz’s habilitation discussion (exam) was taken on 11 June 1937 and the questions raised included the following: Zygmund: 1. Unsolved questions in the theory of trigonometric series, orthogonal series and interpolational polynomials, 2. Questions connected with the Laplace(cid:21)Lyapunov theorem; Rudnicki: Integral equations; Kempisty: Generalizations of the integral concept. After the procedure, on 12 June 1937 his habilitation On summability of orthogonal series was approved and the nomination to docent by USB was given. His habilitation lecture had the title Arithmetization of notion of eventual variable. The second proposed topic was Convergence of interpolational polynomials. At the age 27 Marcinkiewicz was the youngest doctor with habilitation at the Ste- fan Batory University. The same year Marcinkiewicz was awarded the Józef Piªsudski Scienti(cid:28)c Prize. 5Kazimierz Sªawi«ski (1871(cid:21)1941), chemist, professor of the Stefan Batory University in Wilno.