Journal of Air Transportation VOLUM1E0 , NUMBER1 - 2005 ISSN: 1544-6980 Library of Congress Catalog Number HE976 1.1 568 Journal of Air Transportation Volume 10, Number 1 2005 - Brent D. Bowen, Editor 02005, Aviation Institute, University of Nebraska at Omaha Published by: Aviation Institute University of Nebraska at Omaha 600 1 Dodge Street Omaha, Nebraska 68 182-0508 USA Phone: (402) 554-3424 Fax: (402) 554-3781 E-mail: [email protected] World Wide Web: http://jat.unomaha.edu Printed by: University of Nebraska Medical Center Printing Services Published as a not-for-profit service of the Aviation Institute. Funded in part by a grant from the NASA Space Grant College and Fellowship Program. Omaha The University of Nebraska is an Affirmative ActiodEqual Opportunity institution. 11 About the Journal of Air Transnortation The mission of the Journal of Air Transportation (JA is to provide the global community immediate key resource information in all areas of air transportation. The goal of the Journal is to be recognized as the preeminent scholarly journal in the aeronautical aspects of transportation. As an international and interdisciplinary journal, the JAT will provide a forum for peer-reviewed articles in all areas of aviation and space transportation research, policy, theory, case study, practice, and issues. While maintaining a broad scope, a focal point of the journal will be in the area of aviation administration and policy. Development: The JAT was conceptualized to fulfill an international void of scholarly publications in this area as identified by the primary organizers. It is envisioned that aviation leaders will utilize the JATas a key decision-making tool. Scholarly rigor and standards will be uncompromised with regular evaluation by the Editorial Board and Panel of Reviewers. Scope: The JAT accepts manuscripts on all topics that relate to air transportation, both technical and non-technical. The Panel of Reviewers represents the interdisciplinary nature of air transportation to ensure review by recognized experts. Broad categories of appropriate topics include, but are not limited to: Aviation Administration: Management, Economics, Policy, Fixed Based Operations, Employment & Internships, Marketing; Airport Planning, Design & Development: Capacity & Delay, Small Aircrafi Transportation Systems (SATA). Air Transportation Systems- Domestic & International; Aviation Law: Air Traffic Control, Regulation Process, Privatization: Airlines & Cargo: Logistics, Transport Operations, Air Carrier Training, Low Cost Airlines. Intermodal Transportation; Education & Training: Aviation Education, Cognitive Factors & Learning Styles. Instructional Techniques, Distance Learning, AviatiodAerospace Psychology & Safety, Human Factors & Crew Resource Management: Technology: Engineering, Aerospace Structures, Propulsion & Performance, Avionics, Geographic Information Systems, Simulation, Electronic Signal Processing, Electronic Markets & Internet, Meteorology & Weather Services; Future Advancements: Space Transportation & Flight, General Aviation, Forecasting. Dissemination: The JAT is catalogued at key research libraries world wide, including the U.S. Library of Congress.. It is also indexed in Aviation Tradescan, 'The JAT is available on-line at the National Transportation Library at the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation. ... 111 About the Journal of Air Transportation EBSCO Online, ProQuest Information and Learning Online, the National Research Council TRIS Index, and ERIC Resources in Education. In addition, the JAT is available through inter-library loan at the University of Nebraska at Omaha and the Transport and Telecommunications Institute in Latvia via accessing the global OCLC inter-library loan network. A permanent archive is maintained at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. Annual subscriptions are available on CD-ROM for $35 for individuals and $99 for institutions. Hard copies may be available pending special request. Add $20 for subscriptions outside the U.S.A. Payments may be made by check or purchase order to the UNO Aviation Institute. Host Organization: University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNOFNancy Belck, Chancellor; John Christensen, Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student Affairs Co-Sponsor Organizations: American Society for Public Administration-Wendy Haynes, Chair, Transportation Section Air Transport Research Society-Tae Oum, Chair NASA Nebraska Space Grant Consortium-Brent Bowen, Director NASA Space Grant College and Fellowship Program-Diane DeTroye, Interim Program Manager Transport and Telecommunications Institute, Latvia-Eugenye Kopitov, Rector Supporting Organizations: Aviation Institute, UNO-Brent Bowen, Director Center for Public Affairs Research, UNO-Jerome Deichert, Director College of Public Affairs and Community Service, UNO-B.J. Reed, Dean School of Public Administration, UNO-Russell Smith, Chair University Library, UNO-Dorothy Willis, Interim Dean JAT Personnel: Executive Editor: Brent Bowen, Aviation Institute, UNO (AI-UNO) Co-Editor: Igor Kabashkin, Transport & Telecommunications Institute, Latvia Assistant Editor: Sarah Lucas, AI-UNO Consulting Assistant Editor: Nanette Scarpellini-Metz, AI-UNO Manager, Technology-Based Educational Systems: Scott Vlasek, AI-UNO Library Liaisons/Advisors: John Reidelbach, University Library, UNO Publication Specialists: Melanie Kiper, Layout and Copy Editor, Center for Public Affairs Research, UNO 2005, Aviation Institute, University ofNebraska at Omaha iv Panel of Reviewers Reviewers are appointed by the Editor to represent all elements of aviation and space transportation scholarship and practice. An appointment to the Panel of Reviewers recognizes professional and academic achievement. Appointments are for a three-year term with the option of renewal. For membership consideration, submit a curriculum vita or industry resume to Dr. Brent Bowen, Executive Editor. Anthony Adamski Respicio A. Espirito Santo Jr. Eastern Michigan (Jniversity Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Julio Aguilar Jay Evans Solvciones en Regulaciones y Mercados, National Business Aircraft Association Mexico Mary Fink Andreas Antoniou NASA Nebraska Space Grani & EPSCoR Commonwealth Secretariat, England E. Terence Foster Deak Arch University o f Nebraska at Lincoln Ohio University Kevin Garrity Herbert Armstrong Utah State University College of Aeronauiics Terry Gibbs Kenneth Barnard University of Nebraska at Kearney Kansas State University Allen Hamilton John Bertrand Federal Express Middle Tennessee State University Fred Hansen Dispasis Bhadra Oklahoma State University CAASD/The Mitre Corporaiion John W.H orine Jon L. Bryan Central Missouri State University RrI&ewg!pr S!ntP Collqy --::-A ,"-:-..AA:.. Jajau Ja>iiiiuuuiii Gerald Chubb University of South Hampton Ohio State University Randy Johnson David M. Conway Auburn University Southeastern Oklahoma State University Alexander Kalmykov Gerald N. Cook SABRE Airline Solutions Spirit Airlines Craig A. Kanske Milford L. Coor Shy Vieivs. LLC. International Aviaiion Law Consultant John M. C. King James Crehan Aviation R Tourism Management. Ausiralia South Dakota State University Valery Kutev Khalid Durani Transport and Telecommunications Insiitute, Karachi, Pakistan Latvia Bassel El-Kasaby John S. Lainos University of Nebraska at Omaha Athens. Greece Steve Erb Mike Larson (Jnited States Department of Transportation University ofNebraska at Omaha V About the Journal of Air Transportation Thomas Lawton Stephen Rutner Imperial College, University of London, Georgia Southern (Jniversity England Mary Sandy Chien-Tsung Lu Old Dominion University Central Missouri State University Michaela Schaaf Jacqueline Luedtke University of Nebraska af Omaha Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Greg Schwab Rebecca Lutte Indiana State University University of Nebraska at Omaha Mark Sherman William McCurry Ohio University Arizona State Universiv Mary M. Snow Patrick J. McKinzie Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University hhnnesota State University Kim Jeffrey Stevens Juan Merkt Aeronautics Division of ADOT Ohio University Vadim Stroitelev Keith A. Mew Air Navigation Service, Latvia CuliJorniu State University at Los Angeles Yoshinon Suzuki Terry Michnierhuizen loiva State University Duncan Aviation K. Victor Ujimoto Boris Misnevs Universip of Western Ohio Transport and Telecommunications Institute, Bijan Vasigh Latvia Embry-Riddle Aeronautical C'niversiiy Massoum Moussavi Timothy Vowles University of Nebraska at Lincoln Victoria University of Wellington. New Patrick O'Neil Zealand University of Nebraska at Omaha Elizabeth Ward Dale Oderman hYSA Langley Research Center Purdue University Thomas R. Weitzel Manoj Patankar Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Parks College o f Engineering and Aviation Marc Wilson Michael W. Pearson AMES Consulling. Inc. Arizona State University Michael R. Witiw Anthony Per1 Ceritfied Consulting Meteorologist University of Calgary Irina Yatskiv Stephen Quilty Transport and Telecommunications Institute, Bowling Green State Universily Lafvia Dawna Rhoades Malcolm Yea Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Edith Cowan University, Australia Robert Ripley Shelley Yea Auburn University Curtin University of Technology, Australia Jose R. Ruiz Jule Zumwalt Southern Illinois Universiy, Carbondale Museum of Flight. Seattle, WA vi Journal of Air Transportation Vol. 10, NO.1 -2005 Table of Contents ~ Volume 10, Number 1 - 2005 Sorenson Best Paper Award ................................................... 1 Articles Sorenson Best Paper Award Recipient A Total Factor Productivity Based Structure for Tactical Cluster Assessment: Empirical Investigation in the Airline Industry ........................................................................................... 3 Bijan Vasigh and Kenneth Fleming Air Carrier Safety and Culture: An Investigation of Taiwan’s Adaptation to Western Incident Reporting Programs ....................................................................................... 20 Ping I Lee and Thomas R. Weitzel Confidence in Airline Performance in Difficult Market Conditions: An Analysis of JetBlue’s Financial Market Results .......................................................................................... 38 Triant Flouris and Thomas Walker The Effect of Line Maintenance Activity on Airline Safety Quality .......................................................................................... 58 Dawna L. Rhoades, Rosemarie Reynolds, Blake Waguespack, Jr., and Michael Williams An Examination of the Indiana State University Aerospace Administration Program ............................................................... 72 Gregory L. Schwab System Safety in Early Manned Space Program: A Case Study of NASA and Project Mercury ......................................... 104 Frederick D. Hansen and Donald Pitts Index of Past Issues ............................................................. 129 Guidelines for Manuscript Submission ............................. 130 Order Form .......................................................................... 133 Q 2005, Aviation Institute. University ofNebraska at Omaha vii The Editors BRENT D. BOWEN Dr. Brent Bowen is Director and Distinguished Professor, Aviation Institute, School of Public Administration, University of Nebraska at Omaha, and the University’s Director of Aviation and Transportation Policy and Research. Bowen attained his doctorate in Higher Education and Aviation from Oklahoma State University and a Master of Business Administration degree from Oklahoma City University. His Federal Aviation Administration certifications include Airline Transport Pilot, Certified Flight Instructor (Gold Seal), Advanced Instrument Ground Instructor, Aviation Safety Counselor, and Aerospace Education Counselor. Dr. Bowen’s research on the development of the national Airline Quality Rating is regularly featured in numerous national and international media, as well as refereed academic publications. Dr. Bowen has in excess of 300 publications, papers, and program appearances to his credit. His research interests focus on aviation applications of public productivity enhancement and marketing in the areas of service quality evaluation, forecasting, and student recruitment/retention in collegiate aviation programs. He is also well published in areas related to effective teaching and has pioneered new pedagogical techniques. Dr. Bowen has been recognized with awards of achievement and commendation from the American Marketing Association, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Federal Aviation Administration, Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University, W. Frank Barton School of Business, Travel and Transportation Research Association, World Aerospace Education Association and others. IGOR KABASHKIN Dr. Igor Kabashkin is Vice Rector of the Transport and Telecommunications Institute, Latvia and a Professor in the Aviation Department of the European Commission for Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research. Kabashkin received his Doctor Degree in Aviation from Moscow Civil Engineering Institute, a High Doctor Degree in Aviation from Moscow Aviation Institute, and a Doctor Habilitus Degree in Engineering from Riga Aviation University and Latvian Academy of Science. His research interests include analysis and modeling of complex technical systems, information technology applications, reliability of technical systems, radio and telecommunication systems, and information and quality control systems. Dr. Kabashkin has published over 274 scientific papers, 19 scientific and teaching books, and holds 67 patents and certificates of invention. - Journal of Air Transportation Vol. 10, No.1 2005 Sorenson Best Paper Award The Journal of Air Transportation is proud to present the Sorenson Best Paper Award, named in honor of Dr. Frank E. Sorenson. This award gives recognition to the authotfs) with the best literary and scholarly contributions to the field of air transportation. The Editor, on the basis of reviewer rankings during the review process, grants the Sorenson Award. The manuscript with the highest overall score is awarded the Sorenson Best Paper Award. This is considered a high recognition in the aviation community. Dr. Frank E. Sorenson was a pioneer in the field of aviation education since its early beginnings in the 1940s. A renowned educator and prolific writer, Sorenson contributed not only educational texts to the field, but also served as a consultant and innovator throughout the expanding realm of aviation education and research. Dr. Sorenson’s aviation impact and potential were recognized early on by the National Aeronautics Association when he received the Frank G. Brewer Trophy in 1946 for the most outstanding contribution to the development of youth in the field of education and training. In 1958, the University Aviation Association honored him with the William A. Wheatley Award in recognition of outstanding contributions to aviation education. These were the first of many awards and citations he would earn on a local and national level as he continued his active involvement in the field of aerospace education up until his death in 1977. Through his involvement with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Teachers College, Dr. Sorenson generated some of the earliest teaching mate:ia!s f ~ mri ati~r?e duc&~ and textbooks for mi!itarJl aviators during World War 11. Throughout the course of his career, he contributed over forty articles and publications related to the field of aviation education. His efforts guided the way for extensive aerospace research and scholarship from the grassroots to the global level through is participation in Civic Aeronautics Association, the World Congress on Air Age Education, and UNESCO. He has served as chairman of the Air Force Associations Aerospace Council, the Aerospace Education Forum at the First World Congress of Flight, the U.S. Air Force Air Training Command, the Men in Space book series, and NASA’s Aerospace Education Advisory Committee. As a result of his visionary involvement and development of the Link Foundation, the organization has gone to provide grants now totaling over a half million dollars a year to support and advance aerospace education and training in aeronautics. Dr. Sorenson’s continuous involvement in aviation education and research laid the groundwork for many of the advancements currently taking 2 Journal oj Air Transportation place in the industry. His ceaseless research and educational outreach demonstrated how one person can make a difference not just today but well into the future. Currently, several awards exist that are representative of his achievement in aerospace education and research. These include the Frank E. Sorenson Award for Excellence in Aviation Scholarship, representing the highest scholarly honor in aviation education, presented annually by the University Aviation Association; the Frank E. Sorenson Pioneers in Nebraska Aviation Education award presented annually by the University of Nebraska at Omaha Aviation Institute, as well as a memorial lecture fund and scholarship fund. A maximum of two award plaques will be given per article to the two lead authors in order of submission PAST RECIPIENTS OF THE SORENSON BEST PAPER AWARD 2000 Faiba Alamdari and Julian Burrell, Marketing to Female Business Travelers, Volume 5, Number 2. 200 1 Phillip J. Moore. Henry R. Lehrer, and Ross A Telfer, Quality Training and Learning in Aviation: Problems ofdlignment, Volume 6, Number 1. 200 1 James C. Taylor and Manoj S. Patankar. Four Generations of Maintenance Resource Management Programs in the United States: An Analysis of the Past, Present, and Future, Volume 6, Number 2. 2002 Lawrence F. Cunningham, Clifford E. Young, and Moonkyu Lee. Cross- Cultural Perspectives of Service Qualrty and Risk in Air Transportation, Volume 7, Number 1. 2002 Dale B. Oderman, Ethics Education in Iiniversity Aviation Management lis: Programs in the Part One The Need, Volume 7,N umber 2. ~ 2003 Stephen M. Quilty, Achieving Recognition as a World Class Airport Through Education and Training, Volume 8, Number 1. 2003 Alan J. Stolzer, Fuel Consumption Modeling of a Transport Category Aircraft: A Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA) Analysis, Volume 8, Number 3. 2004 Jeffrey Bruce Summey. Marian C. Schultz and James T. Schultz, Are Four- Year Universities Better Than Two-Year Colleges at Preparing Students to Pass the FAA Aircraft Mechanic Certijkation Written Examinations?, Volume 9, Number 1. 2004 Richard K. Snow and Mary M. Snow, Advanced Aviation and Aerospace GIs: Course Development and Curriculum Expansion, Volume 9, Number 3.