White 1 ENG 592 and 593 - Thesis (6 credits total) Cover Sheet Name of student: Jonathan Aaron White Supervising faculty member: Dr. Fred Svoboda Second reader: Dr. Tom Foster Semesters/Year: Fall 2013 Thesis Project Title: The Conservation of Ideas: American Myths in Postmodern Literature Please attach the thesis proposal. ignature of the studi Date Signature of the supervising faculty member Date Signature of the second reader Date Signature of MA Director or Department Chair Date White 2 White 3 You can't fill your cup until you empty all it has You can't understand what lays ahead If you don't understand the past You'll never learn to fly now 'Til you're standing at the cliff And you can't truly love until you've given up on it We are the orphans of the American dream So catch me if I fall - Rise Against, “Satellite” To everyone: Who shaped my past And makes my present May my future make you proud White 4 The great enemy of the truth is very often not the lie, deliberate, contrived and dishonest, but the myth, persistent, persuasive and unrealistic. - John F. Kennedy White 5 Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................4 Picking Yourself Up by the Boot Straps: American Capitalism and the Self-Made Man..9 Road to Freedom: Manifest Destiny and Cormac McCarthy.................................................25 One Man’s Terrorist...: American Righteousness....................................................................39 Final Thoughts...............................................................................................................................50 Works Cited...................................................................................................................................54 White 6 Introduction Wenn Mann seinen Geschichtenerzahler verliert, verliert er seine Kindheit - Wim Wenders, Der Himmel tiber Berlin1 ‘Forget? ’she screeched. ‘I cannot and must not forget. Remembering is the essence of what I am. The price of forgetting, great sir, is more than you can imagine, let alone pay. - Thomas Pynchon, Bleeding Edge In 1968 a young man from New York made a film called Night of the Living Dead. George A. Romero’s film has been received as an important piece of American Cinematic History and was selected by the Library of Congress to be preserved in the National Film Registry. Along with the important underlying social issues of racial and gender equality, the film also brought to the collective American conscious the concept of “the living dead,” or zombies as they have since been termed. Whether or not Romero should be credited with the creation of what is the prevailing mythology surrounding zombies in today’s culture is irrelevant. The fact is that there is a contingent that believes he is. In his film Barbara travels with her brother from Pittsburgh to rural Pennsylvania to visit her father’s grave. Shortly thereafter, she and her brother are attacked, and to put it mildly, it is Hell on Earth. What attacks them are a group of the undead monsters that we now know as zombies. In a strange, perhaps overt way zombies can act as a metaphor for the theories that will be found within these pages. Things die, but not all of them stay dead, and some of them can attack after they’ve been rendered to the earth. If man loses his storyteller, he loses his childhood. - Wings of Desire White 7 The problem with Postmodernism is that it can be quite difficult to define for both critics and proponents. An era that gives individuals nearly complete control over their experience is inherently difficult to define. While there may be a more comprehensive definition of what it means to be Postmodern, I will be using Fredric Jameson’s wonderfully concise definition, “it is safest to grasp the concept of the postmodern as an attempt to think the present historically in an age that has forgotten how to think historically in the first place” (ix). So begins Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Jameson’s statement is, perhaps, a postmodern addendum to ‘Thesis A’ in Walter Benjamin’s “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” which states: Historicism contents itself with establishing a causal connection between various moments in history. But no fact that is a cause is for that very reason historical. It became historical posthumously, as it were, through events that may be separated from it by thousands of years. A historian who takes this as his point of departure stops telling the sequence of events like the beads of a rosary. Instead, he grasps the constellation which his own era has formed with a definite earlier one. Thus he establishes a conception of the present as the “time of the now” which is shot through with chips of Messianic time (263). Benjamin stated that “the past carries with it the image of redemption. There is a secret agreement between past generations and the present one. Our coming was expected on earth. Like every generation that preceded us, we have been endowed with a weak Messianic power (254, emphasis Benjamin). In short: the present generation has the ability to redeem or criminalize the generations that came before. And as we look back at White 8 Jameson’s definition of the Postmodern, we can discern what some may see to be the problem with the current historical present. Another definition of what it is to be Postmodern comes from French philosopher Jean-Franyois Lyotard: I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives. This incredulity is undoubtably a product of progress in the sciences: but that progress in turn presupposes it. To the obsolescence of the metanarrative apparatus of legitimation corresponds, most notably, the crisis of metaphysical philosophy and of the university institution which in the past relied on it.The narrative function is losing its functors, its great heroes, its great dangers, its great voyages, its great goal. It is being dispersed in clouds of metanarrative language elements—narrative, but also denotative, prescriptive, descriptive, and so on. Conveyed within each cloud are pragmatic valencies specific to its kind. Each of us lives at the intersection of many of these. However, we do not necessarily establish stable language combinations, and the properties of the ones we do establish are not necessarily communicable (xxiv, italics Lyotard). The problem, if I may return to my aforementioned central metaphor, is that ideas, because of the dialectic, are like zombies: burying them doesn’t guarantee that they’re dead. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines metanarrative as “any narrative which is concerned with the idea of storytelling.” That is to say, a story that concerns itself with stories and how people use storytelling to construct meaning in their lives. White 9 Similarly, the OED defines myth as “a traditional story, usually involving supernatural beings or forces, which embodies and provides explanation for, aetiology2, or justification for something such as the early history of a society, religious belief or ritual, or a natural phenomenon.” Claude Levi-Strauss, a French Anthropologist who wrote six volumes on the importance of mythology in society between 1964-84, Myth and Meaning: Cracking the Code of Culture, states that “myths get thought in man unbeknownst to him” (3). He later said, “Mythical stories are, or seem, arbitrary, meaningless, absurd, yet nevertheless they seem to reappear all over the world. A ‘fanciful’ creation of the mind in one place would be unique - you would not find the same creation in a completely different place” (12). Perhaps myths persist because there are simple truths contained within them, or perhaps they persist because they tap into one of the great Truths of human existence. But whatever the reason for their persistence it speaks to the need of a common story, a need for humanity to wrap meaning in words that have a common understanding, and this is what makes the metanarrative an important aspect of life in a society, without the metanarrative humanity has no way of filtering what it has learned and is learning through the stories being told. In the case of the metanarrative, I believe that the novels, films and popular culture of the latter-half of the Twentieth Century and first decade of the Twenty-first have retained a strong link to the myths that were established in America during the early days of the republic. The presence of these myths in American Postmodern art, but especially Literature, presents evidence of a dialectic truth that I call the conservation of 2 The assignment of cause (OED) White 10 ideas. Hegel’s model of the dialectic posits a philosophy of history that is defined by conflict. When an idea is presented (Thesis) it is met with opposition (Antithesis) and, in time, the argument gives birth to a new idea (Synthesis). But what this model shows, in time, is that an idea never dies, because it becomes part of something new. An idea may be changed, it may be amended, and it may even be defeated, but once an idea exists it becomes a part of the collective Philosophical ether of History. In the following pages I will be exploring some of the myths that have joined together to form the American metanarrative since the beginning of the Anglo-American republic. Using a collection of novels, I will be exploring three of these myths: The Self- Made Man; Manifest Destiny; and American Righteousness. In their Postmodern forms, these myths may have become disillusioned, turned upside-down or played for ironic effect, but through the dialectic, they are still a part of America’s collective consciousness through the Conservation of Ideas. And as a cohesive American mythology has begun to reveal itself, the existence and form of a metanarrative can be discerned.