CabmriSdtguedi ine Hsti hseta onrTdyh coorfPy o litics JOHNL OCKEA NDT HE THEORYO F SOVEREIGNTY EDITORS MAURICE COWLING MixMeodn aarnctdhyhR eig hotfR esisitna nce G. R. ELTON E. KEDOURIE thPeo liTtihcoauo!gf h t J.G . A. POCOCK thEen glRiesvho lution R. POLE J. WALTER ULLMANN ·l JULIANH .F RANKLIN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITYP RESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON • NEW YORK • MELBOU RNE r l Publishbeytd h eS yndiocfst heC ambridUgnei versPirtesys TheP itBtu ilndgi,T rumpingtSotnr eCeatm,b ridCgBe 12PR BenùeHyo use2,0 E0u sotnR oadL,o ndoNn W12 DB 32E as5t7th StreNeetw, Y orkN,Y 1 0022US,A 29B6e aconsfiPealrda dMei,d dlPea rkM,e lbour3n2e 0A6u,st ralia To tmheeom royfm yf atJheeorrm,Ae . F rakt�lin © CambridUgnei versPirteys1 s7 98 Firsptu blishIe9 d7 8 Reprint1e9d7 9 Firsptr intiendG reatB ritabiyn \\hstePrrni ntiSnegr vicLetsd ,B ristol ReprintiendG reatB ritaaitnt he UniversiPtrye ssC,a mbridge LibroafCr oyn grCeastsa loignPu uibnlgii ocDnaa tta FranklJiunl,i Ha.n JohLno ckaen d the theoorfys overeignty (Cambrisdtgued iients h eh istoarndy theoorfyp olicist) Bibliogrpa.p hy: Incluidnedse x. r.S overeign2t.Myo. n archy3·.L ocke, John1,3 6-271044.-G reaBtr ita-iHnistorSyt-uarts, 1063-7114 IT.i et.l J3C72.F7 1798 3281'.77 70-8383 ISBO N5 2211 587X CONTENTS Preface pagiex I Thbea ckugnrodoft hper obleIm ThPea rmleianartpyu libcists 2 22 � t l GeorLgaew son l' 3 53 i \ j 4 Locaknetd h ei gWsh 87 t AppendIi xO nt hdea tgoi fLn awnss'ot heo- retiincsaiilgn dhtsitos olutIi27o n l, AppenidxI I LocakneBd u rnet I3I Bibliography I37 Inde x I43 Vll PREFACE ;l ! Myp urpionts hesi tsu idstyo d escarniedbx ep laaf iunn da­ : il' menttarla nsfoirnmt ahtteih oenoo rfsy o verewihgincthy l entetrheemd o detrrna divtiiLaoo nc kIen.t hes tandard l ,l consitointautlthiesootrft y h lea stiex teaenndet ahrs leyv en­ teecnetnht utrhuiele tsi,rm iagtohefatp eoptold ee poaks ien g for tyarnatdno an lytt ehpreo weorfhs io sffì cwea nso rmally equawtiettdhh r ei gohfct osn stbiotdueittseeasdb liass hetdh e peoprleep'rse seInntt hafitiosvr etm.h, pe r incoifpp olpeu lar soverewiaigsnn ctoym pwaitttihhbp ela er tiinpadelen deonfc c thkei nign t hneo rmwaolr kionfag sm ixeodr] imited monayrA.ct ht hbee ginonfti hnEegn glciiislvwh a risn,6 42, I thaet teomfpP tasr liamtehnetotarorciy os mtbsri cnceo gnition oft hkei nign'dse penwdietanhr c iego hfrt e sisitnta hnec e Parlilaemtdeom n atn ifaondlded e cpof nuison. Ther esolouftt hieodsnie ffì cuwlattsih ewcso rokfG eorge Lawsaop no,l itica! moidnte hrca tnet ewrrrietginnugm . IatIc r InL awsovni'etswh l ee gcaoin useenqce1s46,2 o,ft he con­ in flibcett wkeiennag n Pda rliawmaesn t, dissoolfu tion anc ntire thgeo vernamnerdne tv erosfpi oowntc ort hpee opwlhei,c h wasa loennet ittolc eodni sttuat nee wa tuhorUilttyi.m ate sovere-iigntn hsteey n osfce o nsnttai ttuhueor-wiatsy thus deniteoPd a rliaamnaedsn ctr tiobt ehgdce necroam]m unity asal egeanit diitsyt firnoPcmat r liaImne Pnhotil.si s taiccraa etc iviLlaiwss,o n rtehweeon rtktiehrdee oo frsy oe vreiignn ty tblei gohftt h icso nceptiwoonr.ik n,mT yho ipsi niison , amontghd ee epterseta tomfte hnsitussb jienhc ictse ntury. Lawsotnh'esow rayts o b en egleicntt hee6d o8 s,l arge I in pabretc aiutissme p licsaeteimtoeonrdosa dliB.cu ahti isd oefa lX Preface Preface � dissoluwtaisto ank eunp b yL ockew,h osaed her�ee tno s IKW concepptrioovni udsew si tahd eepuenrd e�arnsdmogf h 1s Allt ranslaatriemo yn osw nu nleostsh erwiinsdei caTtheed . in tellcacntdup aoll itiinctaeln taisow nesla ls h 1�s ta�t ausra titolfes se venteenthw-ocreknhsta uvorefy t ebne esnh ortened. polittihceao!r Ailstth.o utghhet heoorfy� issoluats1w twn a,s presenitnte hdeS eocnTdr e_a wtazsds eeh,b erarte_eJleycb t_re d Ih avael smoo derniozretdh ograanpdph uyn ctuawthieorne ver thougthhteo rigifnoarimm i ghbted istratcott ihnrege ader. almost all choinst eWmhpiogr Laorcikehese ,l d tfoahi sst I � Theo nee xceptiisLo onc keT'sw oT reatHiesreIe hsa.v e positHieoh na.d f ounadn,d k newt hahte adf o�ud,t h�en ly strifcotlllyo Lwaesdl ettetx'wtsh, i chha s nboewc omset andard adequastoel uttioot nh ep robleomfr es1stanac me1 xed _ m andf amilFiaarrs .p eecahnedss t atemiennP tasr liaImb eanvte constituIttwi aosn,i. n deead s,o luttwont hep robleofm regulacriltyeC do bbetPta'ars lmietnarHyis toorfEy n gland sovereiignan ntycy o nstitwuhtaitos:neo rea,sw elalsa f ormula whichf,o rm ostr eadewrisl,bl e t hem ostc onveniaenndt fort hec hangoefi nstitubtyia onnm sd ependeanctto ft he readaivlayi lable soumracneyc. i tBautitIo h nfasov iren cluded communiAtnyd.i tw asp erhafpastr h esreea somn?sr,et han alternative riefnpe arreennctehse ses. anyo thetrh,at th Se ecoTnrde awtaisb seela treedcleyl aVsae d clasosfmi ocd ercno nstitutionalism. A briseufm maroyft heg enertahie moef t hibso owka sp re­ sentteodt heI owaH umanities iSno1 ci95e·7tP ya rtosf chapt3e wre rei ncludienad papedre liveartte hd 1976 � . Conventoifto hne A mericPaonl itSicciaelnA cses oClaatnwdn � theC olumbUinai verSseimtiyn faarr t heS tudoyf olitical andS ociTahlo ughTth.e soep portuntiogt aiuegrsee act�wnds receisvueg gestwieornems u cha ppreciTahteem da.n uscnpt wasc ompledtuerdi tnhgae c ademyieca1 r79 5-6w .1tthh ?e� lp ofa g ranftr omt hNea tioEnnadlo wmefnattr h Heuma�tles. . . . Amongt hmea nyi ndividwuhaogl asv mee a dv1ccnet,l c1sm, ande ncourageamtve anrti osutsa goefsm y worka rRea lph E.G ieseDyo,u glHaosd gsoDno,n alRd. K elleJy.G, A. : PococJkH.,. M .S almoann,dE ilePe.Sn u lliIva amne .s pec1ally � grateffourlt hej udiciaopupsr aiasnale ncouragement l rcccifvreodAm b rahaAms chearn,d amm debtteodH erbert I Deanfea hri csa rerfeuald ianngdd iscercnoimnmge nItns . A. � them anuscrfiapprut b licaItp iroonfì,tg erde yaftom rcvising � . ·ocnversawtiitoQhnu se ntSikni nnwerh,o scen tlc1sms scvn:tl wc n· :wtalys t ot hpe oinatn dg enerocuosnls�yct tr�ei.Iw istho PaulAa. F ranklfionhr,e re dttohneallap n d iiLIIyI wLi fme, mainthaeiprna tience. loI1l ull:tlog ing x Xl I Theb akcgrouofnt dhp er bolem INT HcEo uRosfE Etnhgel ciisvwhia lra sn ewd imension was addetdot hceo nstitutthieooonrfsay ol viesrte wihgincthy entetrhemeda in trtahdriotuigwohon r otkfLh oec kIent. h e lacshta potfte hrSe ce onTdr eaetnitsie't,fOlt ehDdei ssolution ofG overnLmoecniktne,s 'oi nts htresi gohftt hp ee ople, acting fojrsu tca unsoet, toonr elpyl iatgcsoe v erbnuottroc s h ange thfeo romfg overnimtesBneytlt fhp.ee opfluer,t hehrem ore, doensom te atnh Pea rliaomree vnettnh,H e o uosfe Commons withPianr liabmuettnh gtee, n eproalii ctoimcmau!n ciotny­ sidearsae s de palreagteaeni t iTthiyis.d esae emreadd iacta ! thtei mietw a psu bliasnhwdea drs,e pudbiyat thWeehd i gs. Buitt d indo otr igiinnaa ntype a rtizceuaflloap rro litica! democIrantc hfyeo. r imnw hiLcohc eknec ocurneitdta ,n ads he uistie,tds eemteobd e t hoc yp rincoifrp cltseai nsce nl consiwsittethnh rtee latioofns son.:hviicgpnsit ny m ixed a conisttution. Ine arlcioenrs tittuhtcioornya,l isttti ncdde fi­ wbichha da a niteilvaeb oirnta htmeio onna rchwormiatcchr ssxi tccnth oft hc centtuhrreyi ,go hfrt e sisatnadn dccept oishoianad l bseoe n of basoend tchoen stpiotwuoeefrnt thp cc opSlicna.cl ci legiti­ mataeu thodreirtifyvr eotdmh c eo nsctnhctco mmunaintdy of watsh erseubbyjt eocc otn ditipocnosph,la tcdh rei gthot thc depoksien igtf h ecsoen diwtciroen s transgressed.1 a flagrantly l Theb asitch emeosf m onarhcomacthh corayr et rcaticndm anyp laces. My own viewi sp resentiend J ulianH .F rankCloisnnt,i tutiaonnda lism Resisitantn hcSeei xteCeenntt(huN rcwyY orkH,) 69). Forg enersauir veoyfsE uorpeanp olititchao!u ghitn t hipse riosde,e ].W .A llPeonl,i tica!i ntT lzhSeoi uxgtlzeCtee nntth(uL roynd o1n,597 ); I fohLno caknetd h teh eyoo sfrv oereignty Thbea ckugnrodoft hper oblem Buti nt himso narchomtaracdhit oin,t hec onstitpuoewnetr of intend thtehrafetrb eye dtooma ctb yt heE statsehosu lbed thepco plc wasa lrnos:td waycsq uatwcidt hth er ighotft he restriIcntdeidv.i adcutaosift yranniocria rd ies,i bnyog r dinary Thrcc Estoarot thc sc rh ody i11w hich thcp eople cwoenr�e subjewcetrsbe,u rte medoifel sa srte sowrhte,nt hEes tawteerse sidcrtcodb e reprcscntIcndo .t h n wordst,h cr ighotft he unwilloirnu gn abtloet akaec tiaonnd,t heh ighmearg istrates pcoplcr'cpsr csclil lv::ernl dlth at oft hcg enercaoim munity andn oblheasd f ailteodd o t hediurt 8yH .e ncteh er ighotft he werea ssllllolh lc(k :gd: dtlxy] uivaandl icnnttc rchangbcya ble- Estatteoas c atg ainast ty raanstt h ep eoplseu'btssi tuwtaest he substitu:ttiiso wtnc ,t -lcl. c"n ctch rcig hto ft bcE statteoas c t commona ssumptoifao lncl o nstitutcioomnmaelnitsat4t ors. againas tty rawn:t1 tsh ouglhotb ei nhcricnnt hte ciarp acaist y Thusu nderstohoodw,e vetrh,e r ighotf d epositwiaosn rcprcsentaantdit vhccos r,i gicnoanit rbaycw th icthh kei nwga s technicianlcloym patiwbilteha mixeodr l imitmeodn archy. cosnii t utcwJa spo rtraycd asa na e to ft heE staotneb se haolff Ina limitmeodn arcthhye k inga,l thoucgihr cumscbryi bed lwa, h asa l gea lm onopoolfya lclo nstituitniiotniaalit nia v es; thcco mmunity. Amongm osto ft heb esktn ownm onarchomaicnhdse,e d, mixemdo narcchoyn stitutiionniatli aitssi hvaer beydt hek ing thcv crcyo nstituotfit ohnep eopalsea corporaastseo ciation andt heE statIense .i thfeorr m tkhieni gs v estweidt ahl arge wasi nt hef oromf a nE staatsesse mbGliyv.et nh fee aorfd em� spheroefi ndependpeonwte wrh icthh er epresenbtoadtyi ve cratriecv olutiinot nh ipse riotdh,i isn terpretraatipoind ly mustb ef orbidtdoea ns sum5 eW.h eret heE statheols cdo n� becamep redominTahnert i.g hotfr esistcaonuclbede c onfined stituent ahuotwheovrenirots, yu ,c h indepeinsad lelnocwea ble. tot hee stablirsehperde sentaantidwv,he e,r teh eE statweesr e Appetaoil n divriedsuiasiit nfia rnsictne s twaanssc oem etailmleosbw ye d incapaobfal cet itnogt, h eh ighmearg istraantdne osb loefst he 3 mediewvrailt Beurtst .h ihsa db eerne garbdye dm aossd ta ngerously kingdowmh omt hEes tahtaedss upposeidnlsyt ittuort eesdt rain anarcWhiiteth.h ger owotfhr epresentatiivned iivnrisedtsuiiatsiu­ tions, thek ingo nt heibre halIfn.i tiatoifor ne sistbayno cred inary tan(cw eh eand mitat aetld ti e)n tdosb er edutcoet dh set aotfua sl ats resort. subjeacntdss ,ob yt hep opulaactle a rgwea,sf orbidadsae nnt i� Theo nleyx cepttoti horinsu liesG eorBguec haDnc:j mu,rr ee ganpiu d sociaanlda narchie. 4S cot(oIs5 7i8n)O ,p erOam ni(aE dinb1u7rIg5hv),o, l .w hoh olds I, Ye te vetnh osweh oa dmittiendd iviidnuiatiia tdiidv neo t (p1.3 t)h aatc tosft hEes tadtone osot b tathicfn o rcoef l aw unltchscsy andP ierMrees naLr'de,s dseol rap hiolpohspioetl iiqauueX VIs"i ècle havbee erna tibfiyte hd(e t accoints)oc ft nhtcg enercaoim munitTyh. eirse (2nedd P.a ri9s5I, ) S.t illalc kiisan d ge taaindl ceodm prehsetnusdiyv e thus csoonmcee iptnBi uocnh aonf1a hncp cnplacs " corporaclntei dtyi s­ I nosto m ucohf t h'es ystoefim nsd'i vtihdiunaakiseo rfts h mea iinn tel­ tinct thfEers otma atnedhs a,v iponwgcr s ofi tsow n. I :m1i ndcbttedo lectturaelan dsts h edye veilnro eps ptoonp soel iitsiscauane!ids n stitutional Quentin fSockrai lnltnihepnirogs i tnom ty :tllcntion. changBeustt.h ante ewdi lslo obnef ulsluyp pblyiQ eude nStkiinn inne r Buchahnoawne,v deoren,sot d enyt hrci ghotfsl itFes talLcoss ubstitute hisf orthcboomoiknT,gh eF oundatoifMo ondse mP olitTihcoau!g ht, fotrh pee opilnae l rie spseocl ntogs,p rcsllma'h"lr yh,c i:r1 cwtcsr cn ot 2v ol(sC.a mbridge, I978). flagrantly onfte hgpelu ebclitniftcnu cl's lt'.h tahi.i ssu hslilubtyito nh e "T hca ssumpotffi uoslnul b stitiuset sipoenca iratlilciyunt l haVeti deni ciae Estaatleessxo tentdote hdce o nstifutnurleinoontfsc rc:tlainngdd e posing conttmy rnaonsA.n di ti su setdod escnroitb e onElsyt abttuhettesh e kinigssc leairnldyi cbaytm eadn py: tss:itng Bcusc hanatsll'si glhattleyr m:tgistrwatheosa raes sutmoeh do lodft hEes taetietsbh yee rl ecotirao n workT,h eH istoofrSy c oatnld(5 182)tr,a nJs..P rase(rL ond1o6n8,9 ). tcumc crcabtytc hdE es taint tehspe a s'tW.h ewne s peoafkt hpee ople Seees pec1,iI I a4l2,l 6y93 3,I ;a ndn , 2152,1( i2,22 . mllc-nivwdyem, eatnh owsheor eceaiuvteh ofrriottmhy pe e optlheai,ts , s Thidsi stibnecttwileoienm ni atnedmd i xeidsp rcscfnrtoeammd o dern limw> gistrbaetlcsot whk ei nwgh oh avbee eenl ecbtyte hdpe e opolre poinotfv ieMwo.sE tu ropwerainti ensro sfa,ra st heayra eb lteor ecognize .., .�:�J.ilnis solmweod thwearyT .h otsaekt ehp ei aocfte h pee opalses embled ani ndepebnudqteu natl ikfì.iendg sdhoni opdt,i stindgiuffiesrmheo nd.te s ;�:o· w.l uol:c11·1a dr ec photroks i nagnsad s sociinta htcreiusrl A en.dw ea lso Thed istibnecttwileoienmn i atnemddi xeidse mbryionnm iacnE yn glish ""''"'t lw" '"·nnohflt yh Ees tawtheisac,rh ne o thlientsghs a tnh eep itome writoefrt shs ee venteentahn dtc hectnsetcru amrrsyue s ebdy P hilip .,J:o litn gdomlo whicahl piu blmiact taerresrd crrcd(.F' ranklin, Hunt(osneb ee lopwp,4. 1 ff.B)u.Ht u nton's ddioessnt oietnx catcitolny (-�'!lfl itut!tÌ!.fntil,Jp J.J1 '1 9·) l corretsotp hooenn doe ff erehde re. 3 2 ll fohLno caknetd h teeh oorfsyv oereig11ty Thbea ckugnrodoft he problem Sinctch peo wcorfts h kei nagr ger anttoeh di mo nc ondition, expliocbisteloryrv e clearly thiaems psleym rbtelhpeardtc ­ hci so bilgetdou steh eimn t hpeu blic iAnntde trihefes t. sentactiavanes suamletlh peo weorfts h cee ntgroavie rnment Estathcavse a ltlh peo weorfst hper incbiypw ahli cthh at wheneiv seter en se etdod os o7 T.h ee sseonfmc oen arcihny , agcnwcays c onstitthuetcreaebdn e, n op oweirnt hkei ntgh at them onarchopmearcshp eicstt ihvreei ,go hftt hkei ntgo r�stricts thesicroo pfje d ugmenTthe.d eliboepriantoiefto hne goveirncn o nforwmiitlthay ww h etnh ree preseinsnto att ive Estatwchse,an c tuaaslsleym bmulsetd , dtehfìpenu eb ilinct erest ins essSiionntc.he Ee s taotfte hsse i xteceenntthwu erryne o t authtoartiively. assemcbolnetdi nuooreu vselfnyr equetnhtelirysae,c ertain Inm onarchotmhaecothrh yet,nh ,e wraens o s pheorfpe u blic commosne nisnte h iidse am oonfa rcahnyid, ct o uglodh and powctrh atthE es tactoeusnl odat s suTmheu.is na lElu ropean inh anwdi tah l arge odfee gffrecepteoi wveeir nt hkei nYge.t monarcthhipeeo sw eorfd eacrliwnagr w asw hololrpy a rtly ins trjiucrti dtiecramtlsh ,ke i nignt hciosn cepitsni ooant n vesitnet dhk ei nBgu.it f i,na g ivseint uatthieo nE,sw teartee s Thitse ndeinsbc eya utiiflullulsybt yrt ahtfeeo dl lopwaisnsgfa rgoem assemabnlder de questetdh kei nwgo ulbdeo blito-oe d 7 \Var, JohanAn!etsh uwshioussPe,o litmiectdahi ocdei gteais st hea cademic yieelvde,an g aihnisbste tjteugrdm enTth.i s wao;pulltydo summoafm onarchtohmoaucg'hhT th.e rctfheoesr teaa,tn oedrs d tearkse n eveortyh aerreo afe xecuatnidlv eeg isploawteifrvo,oer n t he togetphreervo avieltrsh oep inoifot nh per esiodffìicneogrr s upreme premwiesh ea vjesu tde scrailpbloe wde orfts h kei nhga tdo b e magistFroartt heei.rs me o raeu thoarnidpt oyw eirna g rooufpm any perstohnaisnn o nien divwihdouh aabise ecno nstibtytu htagetrd o oufp tempolrysa ursipeinndt ehpder eseonftc heae s semrbelperde ­ manayn di si nferitohre Sme.v eprear!s coanunsn derssteaean,nd d, to sentaTthiesv aem.ce o nsidecraabnte si toant eadn otwhaeyr. judbgeet tthearon n ea;n do nie sm orlei ktehlaymn a ntyo e rarn db e m A kincgo unlodpt r esutmore e fuosre ,va e tpoe,r sriesqtueenstt deceiovrte odb ,ed rivbeyhn i psa ssiinotwnosr ongafcutWlsh .a mta ny seeiksm orree adfioluyna dn,wd h ahta bse edne cibdytc hdac u thoorfi ty oft hEes taotroe rsd,te hre dmi ssoalgvaeitdnh sewtii rlw li,t h­ maniys o bseravnedmd a intawiintgehrd e ater ahuatrhmooarnniydt, y , ?uta ppeartioan sgs tehratht i pso wetrod efìnteh peu blic goodf aiFtuhr.t herimft ohmreae g,i storwanot pei'nsli ::ocnoi,pn pgo tsoc d mterweasustn condiatniador nbailt Ar kairnywg.h oa dopted thoep inoifot nho er dearnsde stattaeksbc ont shc paraantdtc olgyc ther, sucahc ourwsoeu ledoi psbeoc ulpaobftl yer anannydh, e shoublepd r omulagsat theoedp inoifot nhg ce necroau!n tchicclo ,u ncil woulbdem eetiinnv ga iTnh.ee xamopflT eh eodoisspi ruess cinnlt .c d woulbde colmiea tborl ees isotrra enmcoebv yat lh owsheoh ad humanCu.md e.l eg[iCbo. dre4 8,] w hetrhea t Epmipoeurssoa ry s that I, granhtiemhd i osffi ce. genelraawiis t ob et haotn lwyh ichhab se eanp probvyte hdce o mmon consoefan lta! n tdh ceo unocfai lle! s tattoegsea tnhtdeh re pnr omulgated Them onarchomachd ont ohatel owraisyststr steh siossu t­ byt hEem peraourt'hs.o rO.in.tt hyae u thoorfci otuyn tchielirssme u ctho comaen,od f twerni otfae n gyi vmeonn aracsth hyo uigwthe re bef ounidnH otmatnh,Ae n taicmhia[vGeeln ti.l.a.l nedBt o]d,iw oh,o lmiiteordm ixeBdu.tau l oift heam,ts ompeo ionrta nother,l doenso tbe liheovwee,v tehrat,th dee croefea ss semabrlveia elsai ndd ·l ratiufineldet shsea yr aep probvyte hdke i .n..gB uitn m odetrinm es ali "''lh uFs rançHooitsm ainnt, h Fer agnaclloi pau,tt sh een rteic ontroof! . difficu(ol ntt yh qius estJii osrn e movbeytd h aer teissc,wi o rtnob yt he p11halifch iirnts h Ees taAtsesse mabnldty h inokfts h kei nagsp roperly ll kinagtt htei moefh iisn stalilnwa htiichohenp ,r omitsheahstew ildlo l•111p rlciswi odffiicnetgrh er(eFirna nCkolniisntt,un taimloi,ps p7.r 7,3 ). nothiinni gm pormtaatnttwe irtsh tohuceto unocfti hlke i ngdloema'dsi ng Y'1 l w l:ivipsrhalyit shFeers e nccohn stiatsau 'mt iixotnu rep'p6 .6( -i8b)i.d . men('P olimtetilctaod dgiie cs(etC aa mbrMiadsgsre9 .,3, 2 e)h,x.x x m, 20, · �l�:<li1st1 hnun·s'o u ts eidna s trilcetgslaey!n b sueot n ltyos hotwh athte pp3.2 -4). ..... ,1.1,1.1,1 'o'1f1F 1r anicsse o mehcoowm poosfte hdr eelee mecnootpse rating Ast hpiass siangdei ctahotebe lsi,g oaftt hikeoi nnt goo btatihcneo nsent 1... ., .,,;,,.,l,.,y A strijucrti dical bdeitswtetiehnnesc htairoionnf g ofa na ssemibsnl odyti stingfurioasmnoh beldi gtaoft oilolinot awsd vice, ..,. •• " 1!'.:"111Y1 1s1h a1rhocif sn ugb sidiary govebryns meevnetraal! functainoden vsi deonftc hefie r sitst akteoni nditchasete ec oanldsT oh.ie sr riosr · ""'!'""1'1 1,., ·i.1 11rodoncnclwdy i tBho diwnh,od enitehpseo ssiobfti hlei ty widesprienta hdpe e riaonddi sf ouanmdo nagb solauswt eilswlth,soo ,f 1.. , 1"' •' "l,(:,u.l t11it1h1ilena g ttBeurte. v eanf tBeord itnh ceo nfusion courosfetu,es nie tf o dri fferpeunrtp oOsneB so.d isneF,er ankBloidni,n , 1.,,.. 1,· ''." :;,(,1 1lIil:F.1 r1a1 nkJleiaBnno, d int haReni dso efA bsoilsutt p.6 8F.o Pru fensdeoOern ft ,hLa ew ofN atureN aatnnisdto, r aCn.sH .. f /•,',' (\.'f. L itllliHppl.j '2,.f'(),ff . I(J"/·�)1 anWd. A .O ldfa(tOhxefrro 9r3dv4,n) ,e, h v.i I, 2p,.r o76. 4 5 1 JolLtonc kct hteeh oorfsy ot,eyr àgnt Thbe ackugnrodoft hper oblem anrl indcpnedcnt powHcrc. i sbe ttdcers cihred as aagnec nhta rged dacyo ntorfaa ffia ibryts h Ees tactoeusbl ede xpanodr cd contrianac ntgyei dv seint uwaittihoaonlu tte roaftt hbieao sni c byth cF statwch so i,s h oundt oc arryo utth ewiiral nlhd o lds premoinsw eh itchhe tihre oofrry es stiawnaceses tablished. In ollirdcur ìnggo odbc haovri. thsei xteceenntthau cryc,o rdtihniegn layb,oi flc iotnys titu­ Thc monarchomatclhw oroyf r csistwanacstc h uasto dds witnh: is1cÌo1n1sgri rutni:o:nd:ittBlìu cts .t sphcccifi cd ifficulty tiontahleiotsrotay c cofuonartl imiotrme idx emdo narchy wapsa sosveevdri rtuunanloltyi ced. wasn ev n ponit nlo uth yi t so pponcnts. T'howshc o r altloi ed thcp rincscìd'c si nr hcc onllìcolfst hct im\cV eruen wiltloi ng Buatt t htei moeft hEen glciisvwhia lrw sh,i bcehg iann dckndt lwcìn1rs c ont hcp remiosfel imitsepudr em8aT chye. 1462t,h een tqiurees otfir oens iswtaasn cter ansformed. Por :1Ìoffrl h1c roy alists wast oin validater esstiaanlcteho egrte;ot reassoonotsnobe consitdhelere eaddo,eft r hEsen gloipspho ­ sitwieornue n wiltloci lnagai r mi gohfdt e posaigtaiionns t ackonwldcgcb indilnigm itatoinot nhsck inwga tso admit that rcsistina nscocm ef oromro tbmeursb tel icitth elsiiefm its · CharIl,ae nsds troeunsudleyn itehdas tt iacr hi gehxti sted. w eret ransgrcIssntc hds.e i xteceennttahuc rcyo,r dainndg ly, Theayt temrpattehtdeo,r ,j uaws atarig fayit nhkseit nw gh ile staiclkin owlheidtsgi itanlngaed u thoArsai r teys.ou ftl hti s int bcse vcntnetahs w eltlhr,eo yaalrigsutmt eenntdt eobd e c decitshiieon nc,o mpacthiabrialciottftey hr,oei dl settrhi eco ry, absolauntdi swta,s oarsm ormaeut,oc dhd,w si tcho nstitu­ tiorneaall aistt hideeo sc tiratit ntee mtport eefdu te. betwteheuenl timate osftu hppere eompralecepy'r se sentative Ont hoet hhearn tdh,o wsheot ooukpa rmasg aitnhkseit n g andt hien depenodfte hnkeci en wga,st ransfionrtamo e d were nevetror edarstishveeesinsr otfmh oenoarryc hy in contraidnti hcteth ieoiontr syTe hlelf e.a doeftr hosep position resptoonp sree ssfurrowemis t htihner iarn Tkhsem. o narch­ werceo ncetdhiaank tgi nogfE nglansdo mweahison pwde en­ omacdho ctroifrn ees iswtaasnn ocd eo ubrte publiinc an dent sitna Bthuuitss . int oja surtdireferys istthaenyc ew,e re tendeBnuctty h.i s nodtbi edc oam seo urocfpe o litica! requiirnoe ndwe,a yo ra notthoei rn,v otkhseeu preomfa cy Parliaagmaeihnnitsm t. embarrasIsntm heoenr tg.a nriezseidsm toavnecmeeo nftt hse 9 ' timteh,ie d eoafa na ristroecpruawbtilitiachpc r inccheileyf Soonoerlr attehre,dn e,s pailteffleo rattse v asiotnh,i s oftseene maec do ngesnoilautlto ti hoengi rri evAanndcw ees . fundamiennctoanls wiosutlhedan vcteyob en otendoo,tn ly havael resaedetynh t ahte wye rneor te quliorgeidtc opa rlelsys byt hreo yabluibtsyt t hsce,o nstituthteimosenlaIvtlet sih.su tss thecilra tiomt sh eaxtt rTehmeeai.cr t dueamla nddsa yf-otro - preptahrweea dy ,s oimoneft heastle e afsoatrr , c cotnrsuction oft hteh eoorfsy o vereGiigvnettnhya e.tt aclunoefnt t he 8T hiissm aintlryuo efr oyatlhiosutog nht th ceo ntiTnheeEn ntg.l ish Englisthh per incoifrp olyeia nld cnpdecnn_�r,c turtno royaploissiottft i hoen i1ms6o 4ocso mpSleebexe. l popw3.,4 ff. to 9In a lmio narchtohmeaoctrhhrie ne eo sr maan!dc onticnhueiconkngs the monarchcoomnaccehp tinooln osgnc rfw caassi bTlhcco.n ly kinagr teh e nhoibglhe sc oraopnfmsd a gisltirekat thPeeas r leomfe nt reasosnoalbultteoti hopenr obolfrec ms insctcwaa st bcl ocation Parwihso psoew ert ol iism it trhaactnoh nettrrh oke!i n(ge xcwehpetn ofc onstaituutehnoitrnt i htpecy o placsd istniet f rmo Paar­li thciyn itrieasties tIansn ocmeve)e .r siaosin nst ,h eVi dnicicaotenr a men theem phaosnti hssee' !emsasgeirs tbreanteteahstke'hi n igss o t. tgyrreaaantstn ooes c,l itphrseoe ol fet hEes taGteense.rs aplela,ykt ihrneig gohft Thet heordeitiffciaclou ftl btPcia ersli amepnotasriyint ion litEes taotrpe eso,p ilsue s,u alliltmyto lrteeh aan g eneprraiin ctiop le theea rIl6 y4 odsdi n orte sua llttc a,si t:n itifraolamln yy, cxpilnta hrei gohfrt e sisitnta hnmeca eg istTrhaet etsho.ef to hreys e particcounlcateropr rne stehrbcva ela ncet hEen glciosnh­ whoa rvei rtiunadlelpye pnodweeinrntts h meo narchomach of ntagois(tt -rhasett eas-t iesl uciwdolryko eudit n t hfier spta rotfR ichard stitutTihoewnye. r een gendreatrhebedrya c omproimni se dwory Hoyl kne'rletnr,fi Moarg istirnSa itxetseC eennttPhuo rlyi atniLdce ag!a i polistitcraa!t Tehgedy o.m inaainmot f t hPea rliamentary Tlt""uJn:p!u.btl,di'os chtedoidrs raasttlin ,o UniverosfMi itnyn esota, leadewrastsho gi upa ratnhtceeo en stiatguatiainnosnynte w e "'''7· 7 G Thbea crkguonodft e h fohn Lamoitc lktzchc e oofsr oyv genrteyi problem attptcb myC harbl t or ulwci thoauP ta armleinItnt. h fìer st ofl ocal noblteogs r epaarttit naoccrteh olse o dc maalg nates ltaloff 1 ( ,,11L ongP :trliamcicnhth ,a bde ecno nvened witnha tioonrea vlei,nn r tneaticoonnanle,cI tnEi nognlsa.n d, tch wh inN ovnnlwr1( >.pp:>t.,\ :s1n ctdl llolfbi tm:rp ormteaanstu res ont hoet hhearn tdh,re u rfìaglh tnionbgal netd h nee twoofr k tltal s�c.nutlwldìlo c :i1u1rlttt llrccvscc gTohaelpss.re1o 0p osals quasi-cfleiuednhataleld lo enbsge eonb soleTshceEe nng�htl .i lwllwtllltwlict h<: hlwr artlocl;l's Bclnltst.i ncCch arles coulodp pos,if tuirotnhewramosur nei,qa umeo ng EurreoSpleSa­n notl )l(r'l t:p:nlsocnd: r1l1ol gyu,a r;rnwtccrcccs alactuetldo tanmcoev emeinntt hsai ttc leacrelnyt craeH do uisonef .l�ivc:I SSirtrc;t:ntcscl,h orotfv irtuaclollyl lpclocnttcro of!t he CommonAsn.di n pfaortrth irse aswohna,qt u asi-feudal t'Itlr eic xtc 1 1iv1 e c stahlllìtscht on tw,h icChh arclsw oulndot elements treenmdtaeorid an ltelodty h cea uosfCe h arBlye s. :trge e.B"y t �ei t mic oft hel rirschb clltihohan etg ianOn c tober I6 4I, i ndeedw,e rtsehe errideoe ufse cftrioomn st hoef House 'l' ·1,l tI rlec :tdocfthr cso pposithiaoJbn e comfcu lpleyr suaded Lortdojs o tihnke i nwgh ehne d eaprtLoendd oMna.n wyh o llt<:: thta rlwcass planna miinalgri cyto uapg aitnhset Parlia­lehfatbd e evni rtdurailfvlreyno t mh cei btyyt hcer owtdhsa t mcnt,a ndt hcnyo wb egtaopn r eptahreseiu rp poirnat nedr s habde euns eodra, tl eapsetr mibtytt heHedo ,u osfCe o mmons IHJoIf P arliamceinvwtai rlAf. tto hrpi osi inmtti h gts eetmh at toi ntimtietd hoaet hHeorsu e. tllonLliysr e nsciobulwreas dsee posIifCt hiaorncl.oe usnlo dt HencaenP ya rliamaernm,tay talhroyu igmthi gbhet led by bet rusatneiddhf ,e w ounlodct o nsteosn utr rehnicdsoe nrt ro! gentlaenmsdeyn m patLhoertdwisoc,u lhda vteor ecriutist theex ecutthiewvraeens, o s ecufroPirat ryl iuanmlehenest s of rank-a-nadn-mdfìa lney oofffi ciettrossao s,i t tu rnoeu-dt werder ifvreontm ht eh rone. frosmo csitarlna otrtae presientn htHeeo du osefC omomns. Butth e maojfto hrHeio tuyos feC ommotnoss a,ny o thing Iwto uldbe tdhruasfw rno amr tiasnaydne so mneunm,b oefr s oft he Lwoerradesms u,c ohre vemno rael arbmye drt ehveo ­ whoma ttencdoendg roengsiae ltiglalsleyp arfartoetmdh e lutiomneanraayct et enodnpa rnott rcaicvwtiaelrda, sby the steai tnw hiscehc traraidaisncmo a fltifleonu riAsnhde dt.h is thrferaotCm h arIlnFe rsa.n acneed,v einnt hLeo wC ountries, sectaroifatnweienns htma nidnh anwdih t alarmniontgi ons thmei alriryte tsaìnsocfte h sexi teecnetnht huarcdye ntered, ofp oliatnidsc oac!ri eaovll utIinoa nlt.lh ger eEautr opean atl eaisnti toinat lhfìlegy h,t nionbgol fet shce o untrTyhsei de. confloiccctass biyot nhReeed f oartmitohnoe,ffi ciraeslst iance townmsa dfìen anccioanlt ritbhuatwtie oronefs t uesne tdo ineviitnasbplaiynr sdeo dm,e teixmpelsor iatdeidco,af tl hiissm hìrmee recnaraineds tfoo trph iaemy p ortoafat uixoìnl. i aries sorBtu.tt h ceo ntinreandtiacloa flt ihsesi mx teceenntthu ry Butth ceo roeft hree sstiaenffcoenr otr malilncy lileealnyet s had moofstbtee ne inn chonaatieav,ne de,a skielpoytn t he 10 Amontgh ewsccrt eh Ter ienAcntit,ah Alec otf C ontin(ubawynh ciec h frinogfte hsme i listtarruygI gnEl neg�.ld o ft hsee ve�tnht ee centturhyre a diwcearlbese ttoerrg amaznedod f tqemnt e thLco ng Parcloiunalomdbte ed n itos lsvwcidt hiotust c oownns aenndt ) dismanotftl hpiern egr ocgoautritvse. sophisitnti hceaiitdreeo daf ss e curleoafrr;ma boavleti h,e y thc 11 Chraks wasr cpeaatsekdteloday ppoainndrt c tsauicnoh f ficaenrds counlodbt ee asily ferxoctmlh aeur dmeAyds.t hmeo seta ger cnjotyhccedo nfidocfPn acrcl iTahmiedsne tm.a wnhùi,c h munscllaorss andm osmti limteamnbte orfts h set rfartoawm h iicth was i,:;d rncoosnts tbacnctam,mo crs ep ccailfìlc-,ca nscsoiamnnpidgn ,s iasst ent Il,c<n.n fldicctc pcAn feadi.cr alryal nydr elatmiivlscdtl ayt eimsac nt recruitecdo,uh ladtr hdbelyeyd enipeadr ticiepvaetni on, l<",.n;l1nldionbpny rt ehHùeo moef C ommoonns J2u3n,1 c6 4'1t hat his though awtetrmeeam dtpeodt oss o2. 1 humbpleyt ittioro enmeosùvu cc h coesuvenil!al goarisn st nLijm�:'1hy'c · 'Y Theo fficiPaalr liamoepnptoasrwiyat tsih ouinsn cltion ed :myj ust cxacnedf:p otri coonm,m itotfhi insg own wl""" illn!' lw thc affoafit rhksei ngdtoos mu ccho ulnlsocrosffi ccarss J.,·.,i,w,·dd.w : . and !1,.l-il.',.,",w" n'lhY av ec autsoce o nfiid.nc '. ( .vV illCiohabcr(tnet d .), 12 ChristopGhocdrE'n sg HliilslhO,ml ainvC,er ro mwaenldtl h Een glish Ro7c)o,l . 847). See /',,/,,"l"i 'l"."'>•t"o1r' y voolf1.1 ( lF..nognl1 daonn.,-1 , Revolu(tNieoYwno rk, e1hm.9 .7 2), 9