JFJ O QI N T F O R C E Q U A R T E R L Y JF Q coming next . . . battlespace management in integrated operations J The Future of O I N plus T Reserve Forces F ICAF at 80, O transformation in the UK, R C multinational army interoperability, E Information Ops Q and more in issue thirty-seven of JFQ U as a Core A R Competency T E R L Y A Vision for the National Guard Responding to Chemical and Biological Incidents 36 JFQ I s s u e NORTHCOM and the National J O I N T F O R C E Q U A R T E R L Y Guard I S Published for the S U E Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff T H by the Institute for National Strategic Studies I R T National Defense University Y -S Washington, D.C. IX A P R O F E S S I O N A L M I L I T A R Y J O U R N A L The militia being the great bulwark of defense and security for free states, and the Constitution having wisely committed to the national authority and use of that force as the best provision against an unsafe military establishment, I recommend to Congress a revision of the militia laws for the purpose of securing more effectually the services of all detachments. —James Madison JFJ O QI N T F O R C E Q U A R T E R L Y JF Q coming next . . . battlespace management in integrated operations J The Future of O I N plus T Reserve Forces F ICAF at 80, O transformation in the UK, R C multinational army interoperability, E Information Ops Q and more in issue thirty-seven of JFQ U as a Core A R Competency T E R L Y A Vision for the National Guard Responding to Chemical and Biological Incidents 36 JFQ I s s u e NORTHCOM and the National J O I N T F O R C E Q U A R T E R L Y Guard I S Published for the S U E Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff T H by the Institute for National Strategic Studies I R T National Defense University Y -S Washington, D.C. IX A P R O F E S S I O N A L M I L I T A R Y J O U R N A L ■ CONTENTS Q 1 A Word from the Chairman JFQ FORUM by Richard B. Myers 17 The Future of Reserve Forces F 11 Communiqué 18 Reserve Components: J by Merrick E. Krause Looking Back to Look Ahead by Lewis Sorley COMMENTARY 12 You’re Not from Around Here, 24 A Vision for the National Are You? Guard by Ike Skelton and Jim Cooper by H. Steven Blum 30 The Continuum of Reserve Service by Dennis M. McCarthy 36 U.S. Northern Command and the National Guard by Raymond E. Bell, Jr. 41 Landpower and the Reserve Components by John C.F. Tillson 48 Seapower and the Reserve Components by Gordon I. Peterson 56 Airpower and the Reserve Components by Phillip S. Meilinger PHOTO CREDITS The cover shows National Guardsmen and marines pa- 62 Transforming Reserve Forces trolling in Afghanistan (U.S. Army/Vernell Hall). The by Albert C. Zapanta front inside cover features [top to bottom]; Fleet Reserve Squadron F/A–18E launching from USS Carl Vinson (U.S. Navy/Chris M. Valdez); Marine Corps Reserve AH–1 de- 72 The National Guard and parting for patrol in Iraq (U.S. Marine Corps/Justin T. Kaleta); Army Reserve engineers constructing floating Homeland Defense bridge across Tigris River (982d Signal Company/Joshua Gipe) and Texas Air National Guardsmen walking F–16 by Robert A. Preiss into position in Poland (835th Communications Squadron/Justin D. Pyle). The table of contents depicts [left] Vietnamese soldier instructing students on use of a 79 Responding to Chemical and rifle (AP Wide World Photo/Richard Vogel); [right] crew chief preparing Air Biological Incidents at Home National Guard fighter for competition (89thCommunications Squadron/Dennis J. Henry). The back inside cover captures Marine Corps AV–8Bs preparing for re- by Thomas X. Hammes fueling over Iraq (133d Airlift Wing/Erik Gudmundson). The back cover reveals [top] USS Vicksburg steaming through the Arabian Gulf (Fleet Combat Camera, Atlantic/Michael Sandberg); [left to right] C–130 arriving at Kigali International Airport, Rwanda, Operation Silverback Express (48th Communications 88 Information Operations as a Squadron/Tony R. Tolley); Marine LAV securing Memphis Bridge, Ubaydi, Iraq (1st Marine Division Combat Camera/Jonathan C. Knauth); and soldier provid- Core Competency ing security outside Forward Operating Base Cobra, Afghanistan (55th Signal Company, Combat Camera/Jerry T. Combes). by Christopher J. Lamb 2 JFQ / issue thirty-six ISSUE THIRTY-SIX 97 Vietnam: Building and OFF THE SHELF Sustaining People’s Defense 110 Operation Iraqi Freedom: by Pham Van Tra A Review Essay by James R. Blaker 102 Reconsidering Asymmetric Warfare 112 Intelligence and Innovation: by Steven J. Lambakis A Book Review by Robert Tomes OF CHIEFS AND CHAIRMEN 109 Thomas Hinman Moorer 113 The Long Shadow of Versailles: A Book Review by Janeen M. Klinger Joint Force Quarterly Stephen J.Flanagan,Ph.D. Colonel(S) Merrick E.Krause,USAF Colonel Debra Taylor,USA Director, Director of Publications, Deputy Director of Publications, Institute for National Strategic Studies Institute for National Strategic Studies Institute for National Strategic Studies Editor-in-Chief Editor Managing Editor,NDU Press Martin J.Peters,Jr. Calvin B.Kelley William A.Rawley,Inc. Production Supervisor George C.Maerz Art Direction Jeffrey D.Smotherman,Ph.D. Lisa M.Yambrick Editorial Staff Joint Force Quarterlyis published for the Chairman of the The opinions,conclusions,and recommendations ex- Information on contributing to JFQ,distribution or subscrip- Joint Chiefs of Staff by the Institute for National Strategic pressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do tions is listed on the last page of this issue.Please direct edi- Studies,National Defense University,to promote understand- not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense torial communications to: ing of the integrated employment of land,sea,air,space,and or any other agency of the Federal Government.Copyrighted Editor,Joint Force Quarterly special operations forces.JFQis the Chairman’s flagship Joint portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted (NDU–NSS–JFQ) Military Journal designed to assist national security profes- without permission of the copyright proprietors.Joint Force 300 Fifth Avenue (Bldg.62) sionals in conducting informed debates on joint and integrated Quarterlyshould be acknowledged whenever material is Fort Lesley J.McNair operation; supporting joint professional military education; as- quoted from or based on its contents. Washington,D.C.20319–5066 sisting in policy development and security planning,execution The Secretary of Defense has approved this publication. and the transition to peace; informing decision-makers and All previous issues are published online at: Telephone: (202) 685–4220/DSN 325–4220 the Interagency community on important defense strategy http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/index.htm. FAX: (202) 685–4219/DSN 325–4219 matters,including winning the War on Terror and transforming e-mail: [email protected] America’s military to meet tomorrow’s challenges. December 2004 ISSN 1070–0692 issue thirty-six / JFQ 3 JFQ AWord from the Virginia Army National Guardsmen patrolling in Afghanistan. mann) Kauf Christopher Chairman mpany ( Co Signal 55th T he U.S. way of organizing its military It is fitting that this issue of Joint Force Quar- is commonly called the Total Force. terly examines America’s Reserve component—its This all-volunteer force is composed of rich history and the challenges it faces today. citizen soldiers and active duty person- nel. This mix gives the advantage of a whole History greater than the sum of its parts. Both compo- America’s Armed Forces evolved in fits and nents are necessary, and they must work in har- starts, with changing threats as the primary moti- mony to achieve national objectives. In the near vator for adaptation. Today’s Total Force is the term, that means winning the global war on ter- great grandchild of the colonial Militia, which rorism. In the long term, both the Reserve and began with the Massachusetts Militia in 1636. the active components must transform to meet Colonists activated that force to defend the New the threats of tomorrow. The key to both objec- England colonies and maintain internal lines of tives is a healthy Total Force. control and commerce. Colonial navies were tra- ditionally militia as well. (continued on page 4) issue thirty-six / JFQ 1 ■ Joint Force Quarterly A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN Gen Richard B. Myers, USAF (continued from page 1) Publisher The birth of the Nation, however, necessi- tated evolution. The New England militia fought ADVISORY COMMITTEE at Lexington and Concord, the first engagements Lt Gen Michael M. Dunn, USAF ■ National Defense University of the Revolutionary War, in April 1775. It won Chairman the Army’s first battle streamer at Fort Ticon- BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) ■ Office of the Chairman deroga in May 1775. It wasn’t until a month later Maj Gen John J. Catton, Jr., USAF ■ The Joint Staff that the Continental Congress officially estab- lished the Continental Army. A. Denis Clift ■ Joint Military Intelligence College The Constitution and Bill of Rights con- RADM Patrick W. Dunne, USN ■ Naval Postgraduate School tained many clauses empowering the new Na- Maj Gen Robert J. Elder, Jr., USAF ■ Air War College tion to create and maintain militia; to organize, train, and equip military forces and employ Col George E. Flemming, USMC ■ Marine Corps War College them in war; and to “provide for the common Brig Gen (Sel) Randal D. Fullhart, USAF ■ Air Command and Staff College defense.” This allowed a reconstituted Army, new MG David H. Huntoon, USA ■ U.S. Army War College ships, and a small standing Navy. The Federal Government retained control of the Army and RADM Richard D. Jaskot, USN ■ National War College Navy while the states controlled the militia until VADM Timothy J. Keating, USN ■ The Joint Staff they were called up for Federal service. Then in Col Walter L. Niblock, USMC ■ Marine Corps Command and Staff College 1792, the Militia Act reorganized the militia and articulated who would serve—men 18 to 45 years MG Kenneth J. Quinlan, Jr., USA ■ Joint Forces Staff College old. This act created rules for a compulsory mili- RADM Jacob L. Shuford, USN ■ Naval War College tia, but volunteer militia units comprised the BG Volney J. Warner, USA ■ U.S. Army Command and General Staff College bulk of the American forces in the 19th century. MajGen Frances C. Wilson, USMC ■ Industrial College of the Armed Forces This early period reminds us that our military tradition reflects a legacy of volunteerism and EDITORIAL BOARD selfless neighbors—American citizens grabbing their muskets and heeding the call to arms to de- Stephen J. Flanagan ■ National Defense University Chairman fend their liberties. The War of 1812 was an early proof of con- Richard K. Betts ■ Columbia University cept for the Armed Forces: a small regular force Col John M. Calvert, USAF ■ Joint Forces Staff College supported by militia protecting the fledgling Stephen D. Chiabotti ■ School of Advanced Air and Space Studies democracy. This principle differed from the Euro- pean feature of larger and more powerful stand- Eliot A. Cohen ■ The Johns Hopkins University ing armies and navies that were also more costly. COL Robert A. Doughty, USA ■ U.S. Military Academy Aaron L. Friedberg ■ Princeton University the Federal Government examined Alan L. Gropman ■ Industrial College of the Armed Forces the militia system and the Douglas N. Hime ■ Naval War College balance between states’ rights and Mark H. Jacobsen ■ Marine Corps Command and Staff College national defense requirements Daniel T. Kuehl ■ Information Resources Management College Col Anne E. McGee, USAF ■ Industrial College of the Armed Forces Thomas L. McNaugher ■ The RAND Corporation There were many regional battles in the 19th century, including armed actions against pirates Kathleen Mahoney-Norris ■ Air Command and Staff College and a war with Mexico. But for the most part, William H.J. Manthorpe, Jr. ■ Joint Military Intelligence College leaders used the military primarily as a gen- John J. Mearsheimer ■ The University of Chicago darmeriefor internal stability. This domestic focus held throughout the westward expansion. After LTG William E. Odom, USA (Ret.) ■ Hudson Institute the Civil War, the states and the Federal Govern- Col Thomas C. Skillman, USAF ■ Air War College ment examined the militia system and the bal- COL Robert E. Smith, USA ■ U.S. Army War College ance between states’ rights and national defense requirements. By 1892 each governor had re- LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) ■ Harvard University named his state militia the National Guard. Col Gary West, USAF ■ National War College In the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, Congress replaced the 1792 Militia Act with A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL 4 JFQ / issue thirty-six Myers mon) Hina m John Willia Wing ( Airlift 130th Secretary Ridge talking with WMD specialists,Center for the 1903 Dick Act, bolstering the Reserve role of and the District of Columbia. On the Western National Response. the National Guard. This was an important turn- Front, 18 of the 43 Army divisions were National ing point; the militia were now formally recog- Guard, and their total combat days exceeded the nized as the Army’s wartime Reserve. Then in Regular Army and the National Army (draftees). 1908, the Reserve Medical Corps became the first Guardsmen and Reservists served alongside pool of officers in a “Reserve” status. This was the their regular counterparts in World War II. It is in- seed of the modern Reserve, with a force distinct teresting to note that the National Guard mobi- from the state-led National Guards. lized in late 1940, before America declared war, Other legislative acts in the first two decades and that Guardsmen were present at Pearl Harbor. of the 20th century helped the National Guard Bataan was another significant battle in which and Reserve evolve further. Congress created a citizen soldiers bravely fought and sacrificed. Federal Naval Reserve in 1915, and in 1916 the Eighteen National Guard divisions eventually Naval Reserve Appropriations Act created a Re- served overseas, including the 29th “Blue and serve Naval Flying Corps. The 1916 and 1920 Na- Gray” Division, which took heavy losses in the tional Defense Acts codified the National Guard, first wave at Omaha Beach on D–Day. Some authorized drill pay and training days, and made 200,000 members of the Organized Reserve Corps the Guard a bureau. The Officers Reserve Corps served throughout the war. and Enlisted Reserve Corps were also created, The drawdown after World War II demanded later becoming the Organized Reserve Corps, and tremendous organizational adjustment. The Na- further detailed the role and organization of the tional Security Act of 1947 established a new ser- Reserve for both services. vice, the Air Force, and provided for two addi- During World War I, National Guard units tional air arms, the Air National Guard and Air were among the first American forces in France Force Reserve. and included the famous 42d “Rainbow Divi- sion”—a combined unit representing 26 states issue thirty-six / JFQ 5 ■ A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN Marine Reservists providing communica- tions for U.N.team, Karbala,Iraq. mon) Sie w Matthe mpany ( Co Signal 982d The Reserve component had to adapt again Throughout the last decade of the 20th cen- when the Korean War erupted, and America re- tury, the Reserve component has been signifi- called many troops to duty. In 1952 the Reserve cantly engaged in deployments in Bosnia, Kosovo, was divided into a Ready Reserve, Standby Re- and Southwest Asia. The National Guard and Re- serve, and Retired Re- serve have been critical to fighting terrorism since serve to provide a the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. tiered backup to meet Today’s Challenges Cold War threats. Throughout the The key challenge today is fighting the war Cold War, Reserve on terrorism while being ready to respond to component volun- other threats worldwide and at the same time teers served with dis- transforming the Armed Forces to defeat tomor- RA) tinction around the row’s threats. The national strategy against ter- A N C/ globe, including the ror is to defend the homeland while taking the Engraving by B. Jones (DVI KzlTtiaohofrntrey,een a, naitnn hod def1e 9mBV7ei0Driliel,tie tnaSfnree iaAcnzmreiserde--. fcatiorngi dthtih ctoA aevttl o e hhtr oostoehm maeexsee .lee,a cntnuhedtemi nGdyge.u faetThrnhdises ea nsRmtdera siRsetseerivgsoeyenr v.cb eoTo mahthreep aoCetsnh seheinenofttm ioaiesfl Army recruiting notice, Melvin Laird took co- Staff of U.S. Northern Command and North 1799. operation a step fur- American Aerospace Command, Major General ther by proposing a Total Force concept—one Raymond Rees, is a Guardsman. Defending the force of active duty and Reserve component ele- skies since 9/11, active duty and Reserve compo- ments. This philosophy made Reserve and Guard nent tankers, the airborne warning and control leaders accountable for readiness and prepared- system (AWACS), fighter aircraft, maritime patrol ness, requiring a basic standard for training. aircraft, space assets, and ground based radar and communications personnel work seamlessly around the clock. The mission is not new—in the Cold War, we defended our skies against Soviet bombers. But Operation Noble Eagle now defends 6 JFQ / issue thirty-six