Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah º ewish ¬iterature between the and ×i ble ‚ishnah the ± ¹i storical and ¬ it e r ary ¼ntroduction Second Edition μe orge §. } . ¯ ickelsburg Fortress Press Minneapolis Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah A Historical and Literary Introduction Copyright © 2005 Augsburg Fortress.All rights reserved.Except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews,no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher.Write:Permissions,Augsburg Fortress,Box 1209,Minneapolis,MN 55440. Scripture is from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible,copyright © 1946,1952, 1971 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA.Used by permission. Cover image: Extant fragment of columns 2–4 of 4QEng,containing the Aramaic of 1 Enoch 91:10—94:1. Photo reproduced by permission of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Cover design:James Korsmo Book design and typesetting:H.K.Scriptorium Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,ANSI Z329.48-1984. Manufactured in the U.S.A. 09 08 07 06 05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 For Miles and Spencer Sam and Max ontents Preface xi Abbreviations xv Maps xxv Introduction 1 Approach and Method 3 Problems and Perspective 3 Corpus 4 Bibliography 5 Prologue:Exile—Return—Dispersion 8 Destruction and Exile 8 Return and Restoration 11 Dispersion 13 Summary 15 1. Tales of the Dispersion 17 Daniel 1–6 17 Additions to the Book of Daniel 22 Susanna 23 Bel and the Serpent 24 The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men 26 The Story of Darius’s Bodyguards (1 Esdras 3–4) 27 Tobit 29 The Epistle of Jeremiah 35 2. Palestine in the Wake of Alexander the Great 41 The Overlords of Palestine 41 Early Hellenization in Palestine 43 vii viii CONTENTS Literature Attributed to Enoch 43 The Book of the Luminaries (1 Enoch 72–82) 44 The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1–36) 46 The Apocalyptic Worldview of 1 Enoch 52 The Wisdom of Ben Sira (Sirach or Ecclesiasticus) 53 3. Reform—Repression—Revolt 67 The Events 67 A Response in Apocalyptic Literature 69 The Book of Jubilees 69 The Testament of Moses 74 Daniel 7–12 77 The Composition of Daniel 1–12 83 The Animal Vision (1 Enoch 83–90) 83 Summary 86 4. The Hasmoneans and Their Opponents 91 From Judas to Alexandra 91 Baruch 94 Judith 97 1 Maccabees 102 2 Maccabees 106 The Epistle of Enoch (1 Enoch 92–105) 110 Possible Stages in the Literary Development of 1 Enoch 114 5. The People at Qumran and Their Predecessors 119 Scrolls from the Dead Sea Caves 119 The Damascus Document 122 Pesharim 127 Continuous Commentaries 128 The Habakkuk Commentary 129 A Commentary on Psalms 130 The Nahum Commentary 131 A Commentary on Isaiah 131 Florilegium (1Q174),Melchizedek (11Q13), Testimonia (4Q175):Three Thematic Exegetical Texts 132 The Thanksgiving Hymns 132 Hymns of the Teacher 133 Hymns of the Community 136 The Rule of the Community 137 The War Scroll 143 A Halakic Letter (4QMMT) 147 The Rule of the Congregation (1QSa) 150 Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (The Angelic Liturgy) 151 CONTENTS ix The Temple Scroll 154 The Aramaic Levi Document 159 An Unusual Psalms Scroll (11QPsa) 165 A Davidic Psalter 165 Psalm 151 166 Psalms of the Pious 167 Instruction for a Student (4QInstruction) 169 The Genesis Apocryphon 172 The New Jerusalem 177 Summary 179 6. Israel in Egypt 191 The Greek Jewish Scriptures—the So-called Septuagint 192 The Sibylline Oracles,Book 3 193 Aristeas to Philocrates 196 3 Maccabees 199 Additions to the Book of Esther 202 The Wisdom of Solomon 205 Philo of Alexandria 212 2 Enoch 221 7. The Romans and the House of Herod 231 The Hasmoneans Give Way to Rome 231 Herod the Great 233 The House of Herod 235 The Roman Governors of Judea 236 Agrippa I 236 Domination—Opposition—Expectation 237 The Psalms of Solomon 238 Psalms of the Nation 238 Psalms of the Righteous and the Pious 244 Date and Provenance 246 The Testament of Moses—Revised 247 The Parables of Enoch (1 Enoch 37–71) 248 The Unfolding Drama 250 Date and Provenance 254 4 Maccabees 256 8. Revolt—Destruction—Reconstruction 263 The Events 263 The Book of Biblical Antiquities (Pseudo-Philo) 265 Three Apocalyptic Responses to the Fall of Jerusalem 270 4 Ezra 270 2 Baruch 277 x CONTENTS The Relationship between 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch 283 The Apocalypse of Abraham 285 Flavius Josephus 288 Josephus’s Life and Career 289 Josephus’s Writings 290 The History ofthe Jewish War 290 The Jewish Antiquities 291 The Life 293 Against Apion 294 9. Texts of Disputed Provenance 301 The Problem 301 The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 302 The Testament of Reuben concerning Thoughts 303 The Testament of Simeon concerning Envy 305 The Testament of Levi concerning Priesthood and Arrogance 306 The Testament of Judah concerning Courage,the Love of Money,and Fornication 308 The Testament of Issachar concerning Simplicity 310 The Testament of Asher concerning the Two Faces of Vice and Virtue 311 The Testament of Joseph concerning Self-Control 312 Summary 313 Christian Provenance 314 The Testament of Job 315 The Testament of Abraham 322 The Life of Adam and Eve 327 The Greek Life of Adam and Eve 327 The Latin Life of Adam and Eve 329 Joseph and Aseneth 332 The Prayer of Manasseh 338 Summary 341 Notes 345 Charts 425 Major Figures in the Seleucid Dynasty 425 The Hasmonean House 426 The House of Herod 427 Index of Subjects 429 Index of Modern Authors 000